Tesi etd-11132025-135939 |
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Tipo di tesi
Tesi di laurea magistrale LM5
Autore
SCALDARELLA, FRANCESCO
URN
etd-11132025-135939
Titolo
IL BIM NELLA PROGETTAZIONE EDILIZIA: VALUTAZIONE DELL’EFFICACIA NELLA DETERMINAZIONE DEI COSTI DI REALIZZAZIONE. APPLICAZIONE A UN CASO STUDIO DI EDILIZIA SCOLASTICA.
Dipartimento
INGEGNERIA DELL'ENERGIA, DEI SISTEMI, DEL TERRITORIO E DELLE COSTRUZIONI
Corso di studi
INGEGNERIA EDILE-ARCHITETTURA
Relatori
relatore Rovai, Massimo
relatore Fiamma, Paolo
relatore Fiamma, Paolo
Parole chiave
- Analisi dei costi
- Analisi del valore
- Computo metrico estimativi
- Progettazione Bim
Data inizio appello
02/12/2025
Consultabilità
Non consultabile
Data di rilascio
02/12/2028
Riassunto
Gli studi evidenziano che il BIM, visto come un sistema integrato di gestione delle informazioni (e non solo come modellazione 3D), rappresenta un valido aiuto per stimare, aggiornare e confrontare i costi di un progetto. Lo scopo è esaminare in che modo il calcolo in un contesto BIM (5D) possa rendere la valutazione economica e più sicura e chiara, facilitando anche il confronto tra diverse soluzioni tecnologiche. Per raggiungere tale obiettivo, è stato utilizzato il metodo nella nuova scuola primaria “G. Rodari” a Follonica, un esempio di architettura scolastica contemporanea: si tratta di un edificio sostitutivo, composto da due piani, con spazi flessibili e inclusivi, elevate prestazioni energetiche e un focus sull’economia circolare. La struttura è realizzata in calcestruzzo armato, assicurando così sicurezza e durata. È stato creato un modello informativo sia architettonico che strutturale in cui ogni componente, come muri, solai, serramenti e finiture, possiede parametri coerenti (materiali, stratigrafie, prestazioni, unità di misura) e, in particolare, è collegato a delle voci di prezzario. Grazie a questa funzionalità si ottengono quantità sempre aggiornate, in linea con il progetto (abachi e tabelle), le quali vengono valutate utilizzando listini ufficiali. Il forte collegamento tra geometria e dati economici rende lo strumento un elemento cruciale: infatti, quando si cambia uno spessore, un materiale o si aggiorna un layer, le quantità e dunque i costi si riallineano automaticamente. È così possibile ottenere un computo che non è più statico ma dinamico, sempre allineato con il modello. Ai fini della valutazione dell’efficacia del 5D, è stato impostato un confronto fra quattro combinazioni edilizie: due configurazioni di parete esterna (sistema a cassetta con doppio blocco e isolamento interposto, oppure monoblocco in laterizio con cappotto esterno) e due stratigrafie di solaio interpiano (una più sofisticata e tecnologica, l’altra più semplice e tradizionale). Il modello offre le quantità; la valutazione produce quattro rendiconti economici direttamente comparabili. I risultati sono evidenti: la Soluzione 3 risulta la più economica con un costo di 544.199,33 €; la Soluzione 2 ha un prezzo di 560.157,78 € (+2,93%); la Soluzione 1 ammonta a 614.902,89 € (+12,99%); infine, la Soluzione 4 è quella con il costo maggiore, pari a 632.904,85 € (+16,30% rispetto alla Soluzione 3). Le differenze possono essere comprese principalmente nella maggiore facilità di installazione e nella minore necessità di manodopera della parete monoblocco con cappotto, nonché nella semplicità esecutiva della stratigrafia del solaio selezionato nella soluzione più conveniente. Al contrario, la parete a cassetta e i pacchetti più complessi richiedono tempi di posa più lunghi e ulteriori lavorazioni accessorie che incidono sul costo, sebbene la tesi non approfondisca specificatamente i tempi di cantiere. Sulla base di queste informazioni, viene introdotto il concetto di “indice di valore”, definito come il rapporto tra le prestazioni ottenute e il costo totale, così da valutarne non solo la convenienza di una soluzione, ma anche il “valore” per ogni euro investito. Considerati i requisiti della scuola (sicurezza e durabilità, comfort termo-acustico, efficienza energetica, facilità di manutenzione, sostenibilità dei materiali), l’indice di valore premia le soluzioni che assicurano prestazioni adeguate con la minor complessità esecutiva e la massima continuità dell’isolamento. All’interno del perimetro analizzato, la Soluzione 3 risulta quella con l’indice di valore più elevato poiché combina il minimo costo, una configurazione di parete monoblocco con isolamento a cappotto e una stratigrafia di solaio essenziale ma adeguata ai requisiti, mantenendo invariati obiettivi prestazionali, rappresenta il migliore compromesso tra prestazioni e costo. La Soluzione 2, pur adottando una logica tecnica analoga e offrendo risultati comparabili, mantiene un indice di valore alto a fronte di un lieve incremento dei costi. Benché le Soluzioni 1 e 4 conseguono elevate prestazioni puntuali (impiego di materiali naturali o stratigrafie maggiormente articolate), l’aumento dei costi eccede i relativi vantaggi prestazionali marginali, rendendo l’indice di valore meno vantaggioso. La classifica in base all’indice di valore è la seguente: Soluzione 3, successivamente Soluzione 2, poi Soluzione 1 e infine Soluzione 4. Il confronto si colloca in un contesto in cui, dopo i picchi del 2022, i prezzi dei materiali si sono stabilizzati su livelli comunque elevati: i laterizi e il calcestruzzo restano mediamente più cari rispetto al periodo pre-pandemia, l’acciaio è rientrato dai massimi ma rimane comunque sensibile, mentre gli isolanti registrano significativi aumenti. Questa caratteristica rende il 5D particolarmente vantaggioso, poiché modificando il prezzo unitario di un singolo elemento o di un gruppo di materiali, il bilancio economico si aggiorna automaticamente. In questo modo è possibile simulare diversi scenari (per esempio: sostituire un isolante, rivedere una stratigrafia, anticipare o unire forniture) al fine di limitare l’esposizione a fluttuazioni negative. Dal punto di vista metodologico, i vantaggi principali sono tre. Il primo riguarda la coerenza interna tra modello e la valutazione economica: il pericolo di incongruenze, che sono frequenti nei calcoli svolti manualmente, come discrepanze nelle misure, omissioni o doppie contabilizzazioni, si riduce sensibilmente, poiché le quantità derivano da una sola fonte controllata e validata. Un ulteriore vantaggio riguarda la rapidità nell’iterazione progettuale, la possibilità di testare diverse varianti e valutarne in tempo reale l’impatto economico rende l’analisi dei costi un processo rapido e sistematico, a supporto delle fasi di ottimizzazione e delle attività di ingegneria del valore. In terzo luogo, la tracciabilità del processo decisionale, il collegamento sistematico tra le scelte progettuali e gli elementi parametrizzati permette di identificare con esattezza quali componenti incidono maggiormente sui costi e di capire in quali ambiti sia più efficace intervenire per generare risparmi, preservando al contempo prestazioni e qualità. La tesi evidenza inoltre alcune condizioni e fattori necessari per il successo dell’approccio. Il 5D risulta realmente efficace se il modello presenta un livello di dettaglio adeguato all’impiego economico: geometrie accurate, un sistema di classificazione coerente e proprietà compilate in modo rigoroso. Un aspetto cruciale riguarda l’allineamento tra i componenti del modello e le voci di prezzario: la corrispondenza di codici, le unità di misura e i criteri di computo deve essere accuratamente definita, così da evitare incongruenze nelle quantità e nelle valutazioni economiche. È inoltre necessario un investimento iniziale in termini di competenze e organizzazione: la definizione di abachi affidabili, l’aggiornamento continuo dei listini e la garanzia dell’interoperabilità tra le diverse piattaforme richiedono procedure ben strutturate e l’assegnazione di ruoli specifici. L’attuale quadro normativo italiano, orientato alla digitalizzazione dei lavori pubblici all’implementazione del BIM, rende tale approccio non solo vantaggioso ma sempre più essenziale per la trasparenza e il monitoraggio economico. Nel contesto educativo, ciò si traduce nella possibilità di progettare spazi più efficienti e sostenibili, integrando fin dalle prime fasi la valutazione dell’impatto sui costi, aspetto di fondamentale importanza quando si lavora con finanziamenti limitati e obiettivi di rendimento elevati. Il caso della scuola “G. Rodari” dimostra che il BIM 5D rappresenta uno strumento valido per gestire l’aspetto economico del progetto: permette di ottenere stime precise e aggiornabili, effettuare confronti oggettivi tra le diverse alternative, condurre analisi di sensibilità in relazione ai prezzi di mercato e, in generale, garantire un maggiore controllo del budget. La proposta costruttiva che risulta essere la più vantaggiosa è quella che unisce una parete monoblocco con isolante a cappotto e un solaio dalla stratigrafia più semplice, dimostrando così che la tecnologia scelta e il costo sono profondamente collegati. La presente tesi ha permesso di mostrare come un modello informativo ben organizzato consenta di effettuare decisioni economiche più efficaci, diminuendo gli errori e le incertezze fornendo basi solide per l’ottimizzazione del progetto fino alle fasi esecutive e gestionali.
Studies show that BIM, understood as an integrated information management system (and not only as 3D modelling), is a valuable aid for estimating, updating, and comparing project costs. The aim is to examine how cost estimation in a BIM (5D) context can make economic evaluation safer and clearer, while also facilitating comparison between different technological solutions. To achieve this goal, the method was applied to the new “G. Rodari” primary school in Follonica, an example of contemporary school architecture: it is a replacement building on two floors, with flexible and inclusive spaces, high energy performance, and a focus on circular economy principles. The structural system is in reinforced concrete, thus ensuring safety and durability. An information model was created for both the architectural and structural components, in which each element, such as walls, slabs, windows and doors, and finishes, has consistent parameters (materials, build-ups/stratigraphies, performance characteristics, units of measurement) and, in particular, is linked to price list items. Thanks to this functionality, quantities are always up to date and aligned with the design (schedules and tables) and are evaluated using official price lists. The strong link between geometry and cost data makes the tool crucial: whenever a thickness or a material is changed, or a layer is updated, the quantities, and therefore the costs, are automatically realigned. It thus becomes possible to obtain a bill of quantities that is no longer static but dynamic, always aligned with the model. For the purpose of assessing the effectiveness of 5D, a comparison was set up between four construction combinations: two configurations of the external wall (a cavity-wall system with double block and interposed insulation, or a single hollow brick block with external insulation rendering) and two intermediate floor slab build-ups (one more sophisticated and technological, the other simpler and more traditional). The model provides the quantities; the evaluation produces four directly comparable economic statements. The results are clear: Solution 3 proves to be the most economical, with a cost of €544,199.33; Solution 2 has a cost of €560,157.78 (+2.93%); Solution 1 amounts to €614,902.89 (+12.99%); finally, Solution 4 is the most expensive, at €632,904.85 (+16.30% compared to Solution 3). The differences can be understood mainly in the greater ease of installation and lower labour demand of the single-block wall with external insulation, as well as in the simplicity of the floor slab build-up adopted in the most cost-effective solution. By contrast, the cavity wall and the more complex assemblies require longer installation times and additional ancillary works that affect the cost, although the thesis does not specifically examine construction times. On the basis of this information, the concept of a “value index” is introduced, defined as the ratio between the performance achieved and the total cost, in order to assess not only the cost-effectiveness of a solution, but also the “value” obtained for every euro invested. Given the school’s requirements (safety and durability, thermal and acoustic comfort, energy efficiency, ease of maintenance, sustainability of materials), the value index rewards solutions that provide adequate performance with the lowest construction complexity and maximum continuity of insulation. Within the analysed perimeter, Solution 3 is the one with the highest value index, as it combines the lowest cost, a single-block wall with external insulation, and a simple yet adequate floor slab build-up that meets the requirements; while maintaining the same performance targets, it represents the best compromise between performance and cost. Solution 2, although based on a similar technical rationale and delivering comparable results, maintains a high value index despite a slight increase in cost. Although Solutions 1 and 4 achieve high pointwise performance (use of natural materials or more articulated build-ups), the increase in cost exceeds the marginal performance benefits, making the value index less favourable. The ranking based on the value index is as follows: Solution 3, then Solution 2, followed by Solution 1, and finally Solution 4. The comparison takes place in a context in which, after the peaks of 2022, material prices have stabilised at still high levels: clay products and concrete remain on average more expensive than in the pre-pandemic period, steel has fallen back from its highs but remains sensitive, while insulation materials show significant increases. This condition makes 5D particularly advantageous, since, by changing the unit price of a single element or a group of materials, the economic balance is updated automatically. In this way it is possible to simulate different scenarios (for example: substituting an insulating material, revising a build-up, bringing forward or consolidating supplies) in order to limit exposure to negative price fluctuations. From a methodological point of view, the main advantages are three. First, internal consistency between the model and the economic evaluation: the risk of inconsistencies, which are frequent in manually performed calculations (such as measurement discrepancies, omissions or double counting), is significantly reduced, since quantities derive from a single controlled and validated source. A further advantage concerns the speed of the design iteration: the ability to test different variants and assess their economic impact in real time makes cost analysis a rapid and systematic process, supporting optimisation phases and value engineering activities. Third, the traceability of the decision-making process: the systematic link between design choices and parameterised elements makes it possible to identify exactly which components have the greatest impact on costs and to understand where it is most effective to intervene to generate savings while preserving performance and quality. The thesis also highlights several conditions and factors necessary for the success of the approach. 5D proves to be truly effective if the model has a level of detail appropriate for economic use: accurate geometries, a coherent classification system and rigorously populated properties. A crucial aspect concerns the alignment between model components and price list items: the correspondence of codes, units of measurement, and measurement criteria must be carefully defined to avoid inconsistencies in quantities and economic evaluations. An initial investment in skills and organisation is also necessary: defining reliable schedules, continuously updating price lists, and ensuring interoperability between different platforms require well-structured procedures and the assignment of specific roles. The current Italian regulatory framework, oriented towards the digitalisation of public works and the implementation of BIM, makes this approach not only advantageous but increasingly essential for transparency and economic monitoring. In the educational context, this translates into the ability to design more efficient and sustainable spaces, integrating cost impact assessments from the earliest stages – a fundamentally important aspect when working with limited funding and high performance targets. The case of the “G. Rodari” school shows that 5D BIM is an effective tool for managing the economic dimension of the project: it allows precise and updatable estimates, objective comparisons between different alternatives, sensitivity analyses in relation to market prices and, more generally, greater control of the budget. The most advantageous construction proposal is the one that combines a single-block wall with external insulation and a floor slab with the simplest build-up, thus demonstrating that the chosen technology and cost are deeply interconnected. This thesis has shown how a well-organised information model makes it possible to take more effective economic decisions, reducing errors and uncertainties and providing a solid basis for optimising the project through the construction and operation phases.
Studies show that BIM, understood as an integrated information management system (and not only as 3D modelling), is a valuable aid for estimating, updating, and comparing project costs. The aim is to examine how cost estimation in a BIM (5D) context can make economic evaluation safer and clearer, while also facilitating comparison between different technological solutions. To achieve this goal, the method was applied to the new “G. Rodari” primary school in Follonica, an example of contemporary school architecture: it is a replacement building on two floors, with flexible and inclusive spaces, high energy performance, and a focus on circular economy principles. The structural system is in reinforced concrete, thus ensuring safety and durability. An information model was created for both the architectural and structural components, in which each element, such as walls, slabs, windows and doors, and finishes, has consistent parameters (materials, build-ups/stratigraphies, performance characteristics, units of measurement) and, in particular, is linked to price list items. Thanks to this functionality, quantities are always up to date and aligned with the design (schedules and tables) and are evaluated using official price lists. The strong link between geometry and cost data makes the tool crucial: whenever a thickness or a material is changed, or a layer is updated, the quantities, and therefore the costs, are automatically realigned. It thus becomes possible to obtain a bill of quantities that is no longer static but dynamic, always aligned with the model. For the purpose of assessing the effectiveness of 5D, a comparison was set up between four construction combinations: two configurations of the external wall (a cavity-wall system with double block and interposed insulation, or a single hollow brick block with external insulation rendering) and two intermediate floor slab build-ups (one more sophisticated and technological, the other simpler and more traditional). The model provides the quantities; the evaluation produces four directly comparable economic statements. The results are clear: Solution 3 proves to be the most economical, with a cost of €544,199.33; Solution 2 has a cost of €560,157.78 (+2.93%); Solution 1 amounts to €614,902.89 (+12.99%); finally, Solution 4 is the most expensive, at €632,904.85 (+16.30% compared to Solution 3). The differences can be understood mainly in the greater ease of installation and lower labour demand of the single-block wall with external insulation, as well as in the simplicity of the floor slab build-up adopted in the most cost-effective solution. By contrast, the cavity wall and the more complex assemblies require longer installation times and additional ancillary works that affect the cost, although the thesis does not specifically examine construction times. On the basis of this information, the concept of a “value index” is introduced, defined as the ratio between the performance achieved and the total cost, in order to assess not only the cost-effectiveness of a solution, but also the “value” obtained for every euro invested. Given the school’s requirements (safety and durability, thermal and acoustic comfort, energy efficiency, ease of maintenance, sustainability of materials), the value index rewards solutions that provide adequate performance with the lowest construction complexity and maximum continuity of insulation. Within the analysed perimeter, Solution 3 is the one with the highest value index, as it combines the lowest cost, a single-block wall with external insulation, and a simple yet adequate floor slab build-up that meets the requirements; while maintaining the same performance targets, it represents the best compromise between performance and cost. Solution 2, although based on a similar technical rationale and delivering comparable results, maintains a high value index despite a slight increase in cost. Although Solutions 1 and 4 achieve high pointwise performance (use of natural materials or more articulated build-ups), the increase in cost exceeds the marginal performance benefits, making the value index less favourable. The ranking based on the value index is as follows: Solution 3, then Solution 2, followed by Solution 1, and finally Solution 4. The comparison takes place in a context in which, after the peaks of 2022, material prices have stabilised at still high levels: clay products and concrete remain on average more expensive than in the pre-pandemic period, steel has fallen back from its highs but remains sensitive, while insulation materials show significant increases. This condition makes 5D particularly advantageous, since, by changing the unit price of a single element or a group of materials, the economic balance is updated automatically. In this way it is possible to simulate different scenarios (for example: substituting an insulating material, revising a build-up, bringing forward or consolidating supplies) in order to limit exposure to negative price fluctuations. From a methodological point of view, the main advantages are three. First, internal consistency between the model and the economic evaluation: the risk of inconsistencies, which are frequent in manually performed calculations (such as measurement discrepancies, omissions or double counting), is significantly reduced, since quantities derive from a single controlled and validated source. A further advantage concerns the speed of the design iteration: the ability to test different variants and assess their economic impact in real time makes cost analysis a rapid and systematic process, supporting optimisation phases and value engineering activities. Third, the traceability of the decision-making process: the systematic link between design choices and parameterised elements makes it possible to identify exactly which components have the greatest impact on costs and to understand where it is most effective to intervene to generate savings while preserving performance and quality. The thesis also highlights several conditions and factors necessary for the success of the approach. 5D proves to be truly effective if the model has a level of detail appropriate for economic use: accurate geometries, a coherent classification system and rigorously populated properties. A crucial aspect concerns the alignment between model components and price list items: the correspondence of codes, units of measurement, and measurement criteria must be carefully defined to avoid inconsistencies in quantities and economic evaluations. An initial investment in skills and organisation is also necessary: defining reliable schedules, continuously updating price lists, and ensuring interoperability between different platforms require well-structured procedures and the assignment of specific roles. The current Italian regulatory framework, oriented towards the digitalisation of public works and the implementation of BIM, makes this approach not only advantageous but increasingly essential for transparency and economic monitoring. In the educational context, this translates into the ability to design more efficient and sustainable spaces, integrating cost impact assessments from the earliest stages – a fundamentally important aspect when working with limited funding and high performance targets. The case of the “G. Rodari” school shows that 5D BIM is an effective tool for managing the economic dimension of the project: it allows precise and updatable estimates, objective comparisons between different alternatives, sensitivity analyses in relation to market prices and, more generally, greater control of the budget. The most advantageous construction proposal is the one that combines a single-block wall with external insulation and a floor slab with the simplest build-up, thus demonstrating that the chosen technology and cost are deeply interconnected. This thesis has shown how a well-organised information model makes it possible to take more effective economic decisions, reducing errors and uncertainties and providing a solid basis for optimising the project through the construction and operation phases.
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