Tesi etd-11062024-122758 |
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Tipo di tesi
Tesi di laurea magistrale
Autore
ZANIN, BEATRICE
URN
etd-11062024-122758
Titolo
La cottura dei prodotti ortofrutticoli: effetti sulle caratteristiche organolettiche e nutraceutiche
Dipartimento
SCIENZE AGRARIE, ALIMENTARI E AGRO-AMBIENTALI
Corso di studi
PRODUZIONI AGROALIMENTARI E GESTIONE DEGLI AGROECOSISTEMI
Relatori
relatore Prof.ssa Guidi, Lucia
Parole chiave
- bioactive compounds
- blanching
- boiling
- bollitura
- caratteristiche organolettiche
- composti bioattivi
- cottura
- cottura a vapore
- forno a vapore surriscaldato. cooking
- fruit and vegetable
- nutraceuticals
- nutraceutici
- organoleptic characteristics
- pomodoro
- prodotti ortofrutticoli
- rapa
- scottatura
- steaming
- superheated steam oven
- tomato
- turnip
Data inizio appello
09/12/2024
Consultabilità
Completa
Riassunto
La tesi analizza l’impatto dei trattamenti termici su pomodoro (Solanum lycopersicum L.) e rapa (Brassica rapa subsp. rapa), due ortaggi ricchi di composti bioattivi, per valutare come le loro proprietà nutraceutiche e organolettiche cambino con la cottura. La ricerca si concentra sui principali composti fitochimici presenti in questi due prodotti alimentari tra cui fenoli, flavonoidi, carotenoidi, acido ascorbico e licopene, noti per le loro proprietà antiossidanti e che contribuiscono alla prevenzione di malattie croniche come le patologie cardiovascolari, neurodegenerative e i tumori. Gli studi riportati fin’ora mostrano che la cottura può influenzare la biodisponibilità e il contenuto di queste sostanze bioattive. La bollitura, per esempio, provoca una riduzione significativa di vitamine termolabili come la vitamina C e dei glucosinolati, importanti per le loro proprietà antitumorali, a causa del rilascio dei composti nell’acqua di cottura. Tuttavia, la bollitura è associata a un aumento della concentrazione di carotenoidi come il β-carotene e il licopene nei pomodori, poiché questi pigmenti, insolubili in acqua, diventano più concentrati con la perdita d'acqua. La cottura a vapore, invece, conserva meglio i composti idrosolubili rispetto alla bollitura, riducendo la lisciviazione dei nutrienti e mantenendo un alto contenuto di fenoli e flavonoidi. Il trattamento di scottatura (blanching), utilizzato comunemente per migliorare la conservabilità dei vegetali, riduce la carica microbica e disattiva enzimi come la polifenolossidasi, prevenendo la degradazione dei polifenoli. Sebbene causi una riduzione di alcuni composti, il blanching a temperature moderate per tempi brevi può anche facilitare l'estrazione dei fenoli dalle pareti cellulari, migliorando la biodisponibilità di alcuni composti benefici. Una tecnica innovativa, il Super Heated Steam (SHS), sfrutta il vapore surriscaldato in un ambiente a bassa ossigenazione, riducendo il rischio di ossidazione e preservando i composti antiossidanti come la vitamina C e i glucosinolati in diverse varietà vegetali. Questa tecnica, rispetto alla bollitura e alla cottura a vapore, mantiene inalterata l’attività antiossidante dei vegetali e riduce la degradazione dei composti più termolabili. Tuttavia, il licopene nei pomodori subisce una diminuzione durante il trattamento con SHS, sebbene l’isomerizzazione indotta dal calore renda il composto più facilmente assorbibile dall’organismo. I risultati della tesi evidenziano come la scelta della modalità di cottura influenzi la qualità nutrizionale dei due prodotti presi in esame. Le analisi hanno confermato che, in generale, trattamenti più delicati come la cottura a vapore e l’uso di vapore surriscaldato sono più efficaci nel preservare i nutrienti rispetto alla bollitura e al blanching. La comprensione di questi effetti è rilevante per promuovere la salute umana, considerando che un adeguato apporto di nutrienti da frutta e ortaggi è essenziale per ridurre i rischi associati a patologie croniche. In conclusione, la tesi mostra che è impossibile determinare un metodo di cottura per preservare i composti bioattivi, ma la cottura può modificare il sapore e la consistenza degli ortaggi, modificare la disponibilità e la stabilità dei composti bioattivi; per qesto sarà necessario indagare in maniera più approfondita i diversi trattamenti termici per riuscire a trovare quello che mantenga al meglio le proprietà degli alimenti.
The thesis examines the impact of thermal treatments on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and turnip (Brassica rapa subsp. rapa), two vegetables rich in bioactive compounds, to assess how their nutraceutical and organoleptic properties change with cooking. The research focuses on the main phytochemicals present in these two food products, including phenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, and lycopene, known for their antioxidant properties that contribute to the prevention of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as cancer. Studies conducted so far show that cooking can influence the bioavailability and content of these bioactive substances. Boiling, for example, causes a significant reduction in thermolabile vitamins like vitamin C and glucosinolates, important for their anticancer properties, due to the release of compounds into the cooking water. However, boiling is associated with an increase in the concentration of carotenoids such as β-carotene and lycopene in tomatoes, as these pigments, insoluble in water, become more concentrated with water loss. Steaming, on the other hand, better preserves water-soluble compounds compared to boiling, reducing nutrient leaching and maintaining a high content of phenols and flavonoids. Blanching, commonly used to improve vegetable shelf life, reduces microbial load and deactivates enzymes such as polyphenol oxidase, preventing the degradation of polyphenols. Although blanching reduces some compounds, using moderate temperatures for short times can also facilitate the extraction of phenols from cell walls, improving the bioavailability of some beneficial compounds. An innovative technique, Super Heated Steam (SHS), uses superheated steam in a low-oxygen environment, reducing oxidation risk and preserving antioxidant compounds such as vitamin C and glucosinolates in various vegetable varieties. This technique, compared to boiling and steaming, maintains the antioxidant activity of vegetables and reduces the degradation of more thermolabile compounds. However, lycopene in tomatoes decreases during SHS treatment, although heat-induced isomerization makes it more easily absorbed by the body. The thesis results highlight how the choice of cooking method affects the nutritional quality of the two products examined. Analyses confirmed that, in general, gentler treatments such as steaming and superheated steam are more effective in preserving nutrients compared to boiling and blanching. Understanding these effects is relevant to promoting human health, considering that an adequate intake of nutrients from fruits and vegetables is essential to reduce the risks associated with chronic diseases. In conclusion, the thesis shows that it is impossible to determine a single cooking method that entirely preserves bioactive compounds, as cooking can alter the taste and texture of vegetables, modifying the availability and stability of bioactive compounds. Therefore, it will be necessary to investigate different thermal treatments in more depth to identify the one that best maintains food properties.
The thesis examines the impact of thermal treatments on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and turnip (Brassica rapa subsp. rapa), two vegetables rich in bioactive compounds, to assess how their nutraceutical and organoleptic properties change with cooking. The research focuses on the main phytochemicals present in these two food products, including phenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, and lycopene, known for their antioxidant properties that contribute to the prevention of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as cancer. Studies conducted so far show that cooking can influence the bioavailability and content of these bioactive substances. Boiling, for example, causes a significant reduction in thermolabile vitamins like vitamin C and glucosinolates, important for their anticancer properties, due to the release of compounds into the cooking water. However, boiling is associated with an increase in the concentration of carotenoids such as β-carotene and lycopene in tomatoes, as these pigments, insoluble in water, become more concentrated with water loss. Steaming, on the other hand, better preserves water-soluble compounds compared to boiling, reducing nutrient leaching and maintaining a high content of phenols and flavonoids. Blanching, commonly used to improve vegetable shelf life, reduces microbial load and deactivates enzymes such as polyphenol oxidase, preventing the degradation of polyphenols. Although blanching reduces some compounds, using moderate temperatures for short times can also facilitate the extraction of phenols from cell walls, improving the bioavailability of some beneficial compounds. An innovative technique, Super Heated Steam (SHS), uses superheated steam in a low-oxygen environment, reducing oxidation risk and preserving antioxidant compounds such as vitamin C and glucosinolates in various vegetable varieties. This technique, compared to boiling and steaming, maintains the antioxidant activity of vegetables and reduces the degradation of more thermolabile compounds. However, lycopene in tomatoes decreases during SHS treatment, although heat-induced isomerization makes it more easily absorbed by the body. The thesis results highlight how the choice of cooking method affects the nutritional quality of the two products examined. Analyses confirmed that, in general, gentler treatments such as steaming and superheated steam are more effective in preserving nutrients compared to boiling and blanching. Understanding these effects is relevant to promoting human health, considering that an adequate intake of nutrients from fruits and vegetables is essential to reduce the risks associated with chronic diseases. In conclusion, the thesis shows that it is impossible to determine a single cooking method that entirely preserves bioactive compounds, as cooking can alter the taste and texture of vegetables, modifying the availability and stability of bioactive compounds. Therefore, it will be necessary to investigate different thermal treatments in more depth to identify the one that best maintains food properties.
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