Tesi etd-10052025-170721 |
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Tipo di tesi
Tesi di laurea magistrale
Autore
CITI, MARTINA
URN
etd-10052025-170721
Titolo
Colesterolo e grassi saturi: un'analisi critica delle evidenze scientifiche e delle linee guida attuali.
Dipartimento
FARMACIA
Corso di studi
SCIENZE DELLA NUTRIZIONE UMANA
Relatori
relatore Prof. Demontis, Gian Carlo Alfredo Giuseppe
Parole chiave
- aterosclerosi
- atherosclerosis
- cholesterol
- colesterolo
- colesterolo alimentare
- colesterolo residuo. cardiovascular disease
- dietary cholesterol
- grassi saturi
- HDL
- HDL
- hypercholesterolemia
- ipercolesterolemia
- LDL
- LDL
- linee guida nutrizionali
- malattie cardiovascolari
- nutritional guidelines
- remnant cholesterol
- saturated fats
Data inizio appello
12/11/2025
Consultabilità
Tesi non consultabile
Riassunto
Le Malattie Cardiovascolari (MCV) rappresentano ad oggi la principale causa di morbilità e mortalità a livello globale, confermandosi come una delle sfide sanitarie più urgenti, e la tesi prende avvio da una disamina approfondita della natura multifattoriale di queste patologie; i fattori di rischio vengono classificati in non modificabili, parzialmente modificabili (come il diabete mellito, l’ipertensione e l'ipercolesterolemia) e modificabili attivamente attraverso l’intervento sullo stile di vita scorretto, in modo cruciale, una dieta ricca di grassi saturi. Data la possibilità di intervenire sulla dieta, la prevenzione nutrizionale assume un ruolo fondamentale e l'elaborato si concentra sull'analisi critica dell'ipercolesterolemia, uno dei principali fattori di rischio modificabili. Storicamente, la dietetica clinica e le linee guida per la salute cardiovascolare hanno posto un'enfasi sproporzionata sul colesterolo alimentare come causa diretta dell'aumento del colesterolo plasmatico e del conseguente rischio aterosclerotico, un approccio che ha dominato per decenni con raccomandazioni che imponevano un limite massimo di assunzione. Il corpo centrale della tesi documenta l'evoluzione della letteratura scientifica che ha portato a superare questa visione, spiegando il complesso meccanismo omeostatico dell'organismo: per la maggior parte degli individui, l'assunzione di colesterolo con la dieta porta a una riduzione della sintesi endogena da parte del fegato, minimizzando così l'impatto sul colesterolo plasmatico totale e sulle lipoproteine LDL. A supporto di questa tesi, l'elaborato si avvale delle più recenti dichiarazioni scientifiche di enti di rilievo (come l'AHA) e meta-analisi, le quali confermano che la correlazione tra colesterolo dietetico e rischio cardiovascolare è debole per la popolazione generale e ha portato alla rimozione delle restrizioni specifiche sul colesterolo alimentare nelle linee guida più attuali. Il punto di svolta scientifico che la tesi evidenzia è il trasferimento del focus dai grassi saturi al colesterolo dietetico. La tesi dimostra, attraverso la consultazione di studi biochimici e clinici, che i grassi saturi (SFA), in particolare alcuni acidi grassi a catena lunga come il miristico e il palmitico, sono i principali determinanti dell'ipercolesterolemia e del rischio aterogeno; il meccanismo patogenetico cruciale è l'effetto degli SFA sulla regolazione dei recettori LDL sulla superficie delle cellule epatiche, con l'assunzione eccessiva di grassi saturi che porta alla down-regulation di questi recettori. Poiché i recettori LDL sono responsabili della clearance delle particelle LDL dal flusso sanguigno, una loro ridotta efficienza comporta un innalzamento dei livelli plasmatici di LDL, accelerando il processo di aterosclerosi. In contrasto, la tesi sottolinea l'importanza di sostituire i grassi saturi con grassi insaturi, evidenziando come questa sostituzione sia associata a una migliore attività del recettore LDL e a una riduzione del rischio cardiovascolare, in linea con l'adozione di modelli alimentari come la Dieta Mediterranea. La tesi si conclude con una sintesi delle attuali Linee Guida Nutrizionali (come la V revisione dei LARN), che riflettono in modo chiaro il cambio di paradigma; le raccomandazioni si concentrano sull'obiettivo di limitare l'assunzione di grassi saturi a meno del 10% dell'apporto energetico totale e sull'adozione di un pattern alimentare complessivo sano, anziché sulla demonizzazione di un singolo componente dietetico. Infine, l'elaborato accenna alle prospettive future della dietetica clinica, introducendo concetti più sfumati e precisi per la valutazione del rischio, come il Colesterolo Residuo (il colesterolo contenuto nelle lipoproteine ricche di trigliceridi); questo parametro emergente offre una visione più completa del rischio aterogeno, riconoscendo che non è solo il colesterolo LDL a guidare il rischio, ma l'intero spettro delle lipoproteine circolanti. In sintesi, la tesi dimostra come la scienza della nutrizione sia passata da regole semplicistiche a un approccio basato sulla qualità globale della dieta e sui meccanismi biochimici specifici dei diversi lipidi.
Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) currently stand as the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, establishing them as one of the most pressing global health challenges, and the thesis begins with a detailed examination of the multifactorial nature of these conditions; risk factors are categorized into non-modifiable, partially modifiable (such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia), and those that can be actively managed through intervention on unhealthy lifestyle choices, most crucially, a diet high in saturated fats. Given the possibility of dietary intervention, nutritional prevention plays a fundamentally important role, and the work focuses on a critical analysis of hypercholesterolemia, one of the main modifiable risk factors. Historically, clinical dietetics and cardiovascular health guidelines placed a disproportionate emphasis on dietary cholesterol as the direct cause of elevated plasma cholesterol and the resulting atherosclerotic risk, an approach that dominated for decades with recommendations that imposed a maximum intake limit. The core of the thesis documents the evolution of the scientific literature that led to moving beyond this view, explaining the body's complex homeostatic mechanism: for the majority of individuals, consuming dietary cholesterol leads to a reduction in the endogenous synthesis by the liver, thereby minimizing the impact on total plasma cholesterol and LDL lipoproteins. To support this argument, the work utilizes the most recent scientific statements from key organizations (such as the AHA) and meta-analyses, which confirm that the correlation between dietary cholesterol and cardiovascular risk is weak for the general population and has led to the removal of specific restrictions on dietary cholesterol in current guidelines. The scientific turning point highlighted by the thesis is the shift in focus from dietary cholesterol to saturated fats. The thesis demonstrates, through consultation of biochemical and clinical studies, that Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA), particularly certain long-chain fatty acids like myristic and palmitic acid, are the primary determinants of hypercholesterolemia and atherogenic risk; the crucial pathogenetic mechanism is the effect of SFAs on the regulation of LDL receptors on the surface of liver cells, with excessive intake of saturated fats leading to the down-regulation of these receptors. Since LDL receptors are responsible for the clearance of LDL particles from the bloodstream, their reduced efficiency results in elevated plasma levels of LDL, accelerating the process of atherosclerosis. In contrast, the thesis emphasizes the importance of replacing saturated fats with unsaturated fats, highlighting how this substitution is associated with improved LDL receptor activity and a reduction in cardiovascular risk, in line with the adoption of dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean Diet. The thesis concludes with a synthesis of the current Nutritional Guidelines, which clearly reflect this paradigm shift; the recommendations focus on the goal of limiting saturated fat intake to less than 10% of total energy intake and on the adoption of an overall healthy eating pattern, rather than on the demonization of a single dietary component. Finally, the paper touches upon the future perspectives of clinical dietetics, introducing more nuanced and precise concepts for risk assessment, such as Remnant Cholesterol (the cholesterol contained in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins); this emerging parameter offers a more comprehensive view of atherogenic risk, acknowledging that it is not only LDL cholesterol that drives risk, but the entire spectrum of circulating lipoproteins. In summary, the thesis demonstrates how nutritional science has moved from simplistic rules to an approach based on the global quality of the diet and the specific biochemical mechanisms of different lipids.
Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) currently stand as the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, establishing them as one of the most pressing global health challenges, and the thesis begins with a detailed examination of the multifactorial nature of these conditions; risk factors are categorized into non-modifiable, partially modifiable (such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia), and those that can be actively managed through intervention on unhealthy lifestyle choices, most crucially, a diet high in saturated fats. Given the possibility of dietary intervention, nutritional prevention plays a fundamentally important role, and the work focuses on a critical analysis of hypercholesterolemia, one of the main modifiable risk factors. Historically, clinical dietetics and cardiovascular health guidelines placed a disproportionate emphasis on dietary cholesterol as the direct cause of elevated plasma cholesterol and the resulting atherosclerotic risk, an approach that dominated for decades with recommendations that imposed a maximum intake limit. The core of the thesis documents the evolution of the scientific literature that led to moving beyond this view, explaining the body's complex homeostatic mechanism: for the majority of individuals, consuming dietary cholesterol leads to a reduction in the endogenous synthesis by the liver, thereby minimizing the impact on total plasma cholesterol and LDL lipoproteins. To support this argument, the work utilizes the most recent scientific statements from key organizations (such as the AHA) and meta-analyses, which confirm that the correlation between dietary cholesterol and cardiovascular risk is weak for the general population and has led to the removal of specific restrictions on dietary cholesterol in current guidelines. The scientific turning point highlighted by the thesis is the shift in focus from dietary cholesterol to saturated fats. The thesis demonstrates, through consultation of biochemical and clinical studies, that Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA), particularly certain long-chain fatty acids like myristic and palmitic acid, are the primary determinants of hypercholesterolemia and atherogenic risk; the crucial pathogenetic mechanism is the effect of SFAs on the regulation of LDL receptors on the surface of liver cells, with excessive intake of saturated fats leading to the down-regulation of these receptors. Since LDL receptors are responsible for the clearance of LDL particles from the bloodstream, their reduced efficiency results in elevated plasma levels of LDL, accelerating the process of atherosclerosis. In contrast, the thesis emphasizes the importance of replacing saturated fats with unsaturated fats, highlighting how this substitution is associated with improved LDL receptor activity and a reduction in cardiovascular risk, in line with the adoption of dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean Diet. The thesis concludes with a synthesis of the current Nutritional Guidelines, which clearly reflect this paradigm shift; the recommendations focus on the goal of limiting saturated fat intake to less than 10% of total energy intake and on the adoption of an overall healthy eating pattern, rather than on the demonization of a single dietary component. Finally, the paper touches upon the future perspectives of clinical dietetics, introducing more nuanced and precise concepts for risk assessment, such as Remnant Cholesterol (the cholesterol contained in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins); this emerging parameter offers a more comprehensive view of atherogenic risk, acknowledging that it is not only LDL cholesterol that drives risk, but the entire spectrum of circulating lipoproteins. In summary, the thesis demonstrates how nutritional science has moved from simplistic rules to an approach based on the global quality of the diet and the specific biochemical mechanisms of different lipids.
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