Tesi etd-07142025-110729 |
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Tipo di tesi
Tesi di specializzazione (3 anni)
Autore
DI MAGGIO, MARTA
URN
etd-07142025-110729
Titolo
Studio sulla presenza di Escherichia coli STEC nei prodotti di origine animale: analisi delle notifiche iRASFF dal 2020 al 2025
Dipartimento
SCIENZE VETERINARIE
Corso di studi
ISPEZIONE DEGLI ALIMENTI DI ORIGINE ANIMALE
Relatori
relatore Prof.ssa Pedonese, Francesca
correlatore Dott. De Rosa, Vincenzo
correlatore Dott. De Rosa, Vincenzo
Parole chiave
- Escherichia coli STEC
- iRASFF
- malattie a trasmissione alimentare
- sicurezza alimentare
Data inizio appello
30/07/2025
Consultabilità
Non consultabile
Data di rilascio
30/07/2028
Riassunto
Gli Escherichia coli STEC si riscontrano prevalentemente nell’intestino dei ruminanti domestici. L’uomo può infettarsi per via del contatto con animali, ambiente o persone infette, oppure tramite ingestione di acqua ed alimenti contaminati. La tossinfezione determina un quadro di enterite emorragica e, in soggetti sensibili, ovvero bambini, anziani e immunocompromessi, di sindrome emolitico uremica. Allo scopo di individuare e caratterizzare le principali fonti alimentari di esposizione a E. coli STEC per i consumatori, è stata condotta un’analisi delle notifiche disponibili su iRASFF. Per ciascuna delle notifiche pubblicate dal 01/01/2020 al 30/04/2025, sono stati analizzati i seguenti aspetti: matrice alimentare, tipologia di prodotto, specie animale di appartenenza, eventuali esiti della sierotipizzazione. È stato quindi analizzato il quadro normativo in materia di informazioni fornite al consumatore tramite l’etichetta. I prodotti carnei sono stati suddivisi in base alla specie di appartenenza: bovino (118), ovino (22), capriolo (7), cervo (3), cinghiale (2), suino (2), cavallo (1), pollo (1). Sette prodotti erano riferibili a più di una specie: bovino e ovino (2), cervo e capriolo (1), cervo e suino (2), cinghiale e suino (2). I prodotti appartenevano alle seguenti categorie: carcasse (7), carni fresche (109), carni macinate (14), preparazioni di carni (24), prodotti a base di carne (10). Le specie i cui prodotti sono stati maggiormente sottoposti a sierotipizzazione sono il bovino e l’ovino. I sierotipi più frequentemente individuati dai 39 prodotti contenenti carni bovine sono stati: O26 (11 prodotti), O103 (10 prodotti), O157 (9 prodotti), O145 (6 prodotti), O91 (4 prodotti), O45 (4 prodotti), O111 (4 prodotti), O104 (3 prodotti). I sierotipi riscontrati nei 4 prodotti a base di carni ovine sono stati O91 (2 prodotti), O12, O28, O186, O104 (1 prodotto per sierotipo). I 69 prodotti della categoria “Latte e prodotti lattiero-caseari” erano fabbricati con latte di: bovino (41), bovino e ovino (2), ovino (3), capra (24). Sessantasette erano prodotti a latte crudo (per 2 prodotti il trattamento non era specificato) ed appartenevano principalmente alle seguenti categorie: formaggi a pasta molle e crosta fiorita (22), formaggi a pasta molle (16), formaggi semicotti a pasta pressata (12), formaggi a pasta molle e crosta lavata (6), formaggi freschi a coagulazione acida (6). L’analisi di 31 dei 69 prodotti ha portato al riscontro dei seguenti sierotipi: O26 (14), O103 (10), O157 (5), O145 (4). La normativa europea non prevede un’etichettatura specifica per tutelare le categorie sensibili di consumatori dal rischio associato al consumo di alimenti contaminati da E. coli STEC. Sebbene i consumatori siano al corrente dei rischi associati al consumo di carne cruda o poco cotta, le informazioni sui rischi associati al consumo di prodotti lattiero-caseari a latte crudo sembrano essere insufficienti. Da questo quadro emerge la necessità di implementare strategie di comunicazione del rischio dedicate.
Escherichia coli STEC are mainly found in the digestive tract of domestic ruminants. Humans can become infected through contact with infected animals, environment or people, or through ingestion of contaminated water and food. Infection results in a picture of hemorrhagic enteritis and, in susceptible individuals, i.e., children, the aged, and the immunocompromised, hemolytic uremic syndrome. To identify and characterize the main food sources of exposure to E. coli STEC for consumers, an analysis of available notifications on iRASFF was conducted. For each of the notifications published from 01/01/2020 to 30/04/2025, the following aspects were analyzed: food matrix, product type, animal species of origin, serotyping outcomes, if any. The regulatory framework regarding information provided to the consumer through the label was then analyzed. Meat products were divided according to their species: beef (118), sheep (22), roe deer (7), deer (3), wild boar (2), swine (2), horse (1), and chicken (1). Seven products were referable to more than one species: cattle and sheep (2), deer and roe deer (1), deer and pig (2), wild boar and pig (2). The products belonged to the following categories: carcasses (7), fresh meat (109), minced meat (14), meat preparations (24), and meat products (10). The species whose products were most frequently serotyped were cattle and sheep. The most frequently detected serotypes from the 39 products containing beef were: O26 (11 products), O103 (10 products), O157 (9 products), O145 (6 products), O91 (4 products), O45 (4 products), O111 (4 products), and O104 (3 products). The serotypes found in the 4 sheep meat products were O91 (2 products), O12, O28, O186, O104 (1 product per serotype). The 69 products in the category “Milk and milk products” were made from the milk of: cow (41), cow and sheep (2), sheep (3), and goat (24). Sixty-seven were raw-milk products (for 2 products the treatment was not specified) and belonged mainly to the following categories: soft and flowered rind cheeses (22), soft cheeses (16), semi-cooked pressed cheeses (12), soft and washed rind cheeses (6), and fresh acid-coagulated cheeses (6). Analysis of 31 of the 69 products resulted in the detection of the following serotypes: O26 (14), O103 (10), O157 (5), O145 (4). European regulations do not provide specific labelling to protect sensitive groups of consumers from the risk associated with consuming food contaminated with E. coli STEC. Although consumers are aware of the risks associated with the consumption of raw or undercooked meat, there appears to be insufficient information on the risks associated with the consumption of raw milk dairy products. From this picture, there is a need to implement dedicated risk communication strategies.
Escherichia coli STEC are mainly found in the digestive tract of domestic ruminants. Humans can become infected through contact with infected animals, environment or people, or through ingestion of contaminated water and food. Infection results in a picture of hemorrhagic enteritis and, in susceptible individuals, i.e., children, the aged, and the immunocompromised, hemolytic uremic syndrome. To identify and characterize the main food sources of exposure to E. coli STEC for consumers, an analysis of available notifications on iRASFF was conducted. For each of the notifications published from 01/01/2020 to 30/04/2025, the following aspects were analyzed: food matrix, product type, animal species of origin, serotyping outcomes, if any. The regulatory framework regarding information provided to the consumer through the label was then analyzed. Meat products were divided according to their species: beef (118), sheep (22), roe deer (7), deer (3), wild boar (2), swine (2), horse (1), and chicken (1). Seven products were referable to more than one species: cattle and sheep (2), deer and roe deer (1), deer and pig (2), wild boar and pig (2). The products belonged to the following categories: carcasses (7), fresh meat (109), minced meat (14), meat preparations (24), and meat products (10). The species whose products were most frequently serotyped were cattle and sheep. The most frequently detected serotypes from the 39 products containing beef were: O26 (11 products), O103 (10 products), O157 (9 products), O145 (6 products), O91 (4 products), O45 (4 products), O111 (4 products), and O104 (3 products). The serotypes found in the 4 sheep meat products were O91 (2 products), O12, O28, O186, O104 (1 product per serotype). The 69 products in the category “Milk and milk products” were made from the milk of: cow (41), cow and sheep (2), sheep (3), and goat (24). Sixty-seven were raw-milk products (for 2 products the treatment was not specified) and belonged mainly to the following categories: soft and flowered rind cheeses (22), soft cheeses (16), semi-cooked pressed cheeses (12), soft and washed rind cheeses (6), and fresh acid-coagulated cheeses (6). Analysis of 31 of the 69 products resulted in the detection of the following serotypes: O26 (14), O103 (10), O157 (5), O145 (4). European regulations do not provide specific labelling to protect sensitive groups of consumers from the risk associated with consuming food contaminated with E. coli STEC. Although consumers are aware of the risks associated with the consumption of raw or undercooked meat, there appears to be insufficient information on the risks associated with the consumption of raw milk dairy products. From this picture, there is a need to implement dedicated risk communication strategies.
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