• choline chloride
• iron (III) chloride
• levulinic acid
• low transition temperature mixtures
• zinc (II) chloride

In recent years, new solvents have drawn much attention due to the need for biodegradable, sustainable and high-performance solvents. Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) and Low Transition Temperature Mixtures (LTTMs) have shown to be effective in a wide range of applications. Although the synthesis and characterization of binary DESs are well-established, ternary systems remain comparatively underexplored, particularly in terms of their characterization.
In this thesis, we conducted the synthesis of five ternary systems based on choline chloride, levulinic acid, and either zinc chloride dihydrate or iron chloride hexahydrate. Firstly, their phase behavior was studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), allowing their characterization as LTTMs. Then, all the systems have been characterized through the measurement of key physicochemical properties: density, viscosity, electrical conductivity, and thermal degradation. To better understand the behavior of these properties within the ternary systems, corresponding binary systems made of the same components were also synthesized and characterized for comparison.
After the characterization step, various applications of the ternary mixtures were explored. In particular, the one-pot synthesis of indole from phenylhydrazine and 3-pentanone within a LTTM composed of zinc chloride dihydrate, levulinic acid, and choline chloride was explored. A kinetic study was performed using NMR spectroscopy to assess the reaction progress and identify the rate-determining step.