• battery management system
• lithium-ion batteries
• state of charge
• state of health

Nowadays, the lithium-ion battery technology allows the development of many battery-powered applications, such as electric mobility, thanks to its high energy and power densities. However, this kind of batteries needs an electronic system, the so called battery management system, to work in a safe and effective way. This work aims at analysing the most widespread battery management system architectures and battery state estimation algorithms and at presenting two new architectures based on a field-programmable gate array provided with advanced estimation algorithms implemented as hardware co-processors. These battery management systems have been implemented and tested both with simulated data, using a hardware in the loop platform, and with real cells in two different applications.