Tesi etd-02032025-155956 |
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Tipo di tesi
Tesi di laurea magistrale
Autore
PIASTRA, SARA
URN
etd-02032025-155956
Titolo
Dislipidemie in Età Pediatrica:
Analisi del Ruolo della Dieta Mediterranea e delle Fibre nel Ripristino di un Adeguato Profilo Metabolico
Dipartimento
FARMACIA
Corso di studi
SCIENZE DELLA NUTRIZIONE UMANA
Relatori
relatore Prof. Brogi, Simone
correlatore Dott.ssa Randazzo, Emioli
correlatore Dott.ssa Randazzo, Emioli
Parole chiave
- bambini
- children
- cholesterol
- colesterolo
- diabete
- diabetes
- Dieta Mediterranea
- dislipidemia
- dyslipidaemia
- fibre solubili
- giovani
- HbA1c
- Mediterranean Diet
- obesità
- obesity
- overweight
- soluble fiber
- sovrappeso
- trigliceridi
- triglycerides
- youth
Data inizio appello
26/02/2025
Consultabilità
Completa
Riassunto
Le dislipidemie, caratterizzate da un metabolismo lipidico alterato, rappresentano un importante fattore di rischio per le malattie cardiovascolari (CVD). Sebbene in età pediatrica l’incidenza di tali complicanze sia generalmente inferiore rispetto agli adulti, le evidenze epidemiologiche hanno rivelato la presenza crescente di dislipidemie nei giovani. Questa condizione può predisporre allo sviluppo di complicanze come l’aterosclerosi precoce, le quali incrementano l’elevato tasso di mortalità legato alle CVD. In questo contesto si inserisce questo studio di coorte retrospettivo con l’obiettivo di approfondire il tema delle dislipidemie in età pediatrica. La ricerca pone particolare attenzione al potenziale ruolo della dieta mediterranea combinata all’uso di fibre per valutarne l’efficacia nel ripristino di un adeguato profilo metabolico. Lo studio ha coinvolto 54 pazienti pediatrici dislipidemici divisi in tre gruppi: diabetici, diabetici e obesi e sovrappeso/obesi. I giovani pazienti presentano un’età compresa tra i 7 e i 20 anni e sono stati seguiti presso il reparto di diabetologia pediatrica dell’Ospedale Santa Chiara di Pisa. Durante la prima visita sono stati raccolti dati anamnestici, dati antropometrici e valori ematici quali colesterolo totale, LDL, HDL, trigliceridi, colesterolo non-HDL, HbA1c. Per ogni paziente è stato elaborato un piano nutrizionale normocalorico e personalizzato basato sulla dieta mediterranea, al quale è stata associata l’integrazione quotidiana di 5 g di fibre solubili prima dei pasti principali. L’indagine durata 18 mesi prevedeva visite di controllo ogni 6 mesi durante le quali sono stati valutati i parametri ematici e antropometrici. Inoltre, mediante i colloqui individuali si è monitorata l’aderenza al piano terapeutico e il livello di attività fisica svolta settimanalmente. Al tempo basale i pazienti con diabete e quelli con diabete e obesità mostravano valori di HbA1c superiori a 6,5%, valore limite per la diagnosi di diabete franco. Al contrario i pazienti che rientrano nella categoria di sovrappeso/obesi presentano valori di HbA1c normali. Il BMI dei soggetti diabetici risultava essere normopeso, quello dei pazienti sovrappeso/obesi rientrava nel range a cavallo tra sovrappeso e obesità, mentre il BMI dei soggetti affetti da diabete e obesità era indice di un’obesità severa. L’analisi dei primi esami ematici ha rivelato un profilo lipidico/metabolico altamente alterato in tutta la popolazione in studio. Nello specifico, i soggetti che co-presentano diabete e obesità hanno riportato un profilo colesterolemico maggiormente alterato rispetto a quelli con una sola di queste condizioni, mentre il valore di trigliceridi maggiormente variato è stato osservato nel gruppo di soggetti sovrappeso/obesi. L’assetto dislipidemico risulta essere in linea con l’alimentazione, la quale ha rivelato diversi aspetti critici come l’elevato consumo settimanale di carne, di prodotti dolciari e ultraprocessati e il ridotto consumo di fibre. I risultati ottenuti nello studio si sono rivelati soddisfacenti: durante il periodo di osservazione si è registrato un trend positivo con miglioramento generale dei parametri lipidici e metabolici in analisi in tutte le categorie in studio. Il maggior decremento dei livelli di colesterolo aterogenico si è osservato nel gruppo di pazienti diabetici e nel gruppo di pazienti sia diabetici che obesi, mentre le variazioni dei livelli di HDL si sono mostrate più limitate. Infine, l’adozione del piano nutrizionale fornito ha determinato anche un miglioramento dei valori di HbA1c, sebbene tale miglioramento non fosse l’obiettivo primario dello studio. La scelta di estendere il periodo di studio a 18 mesi e di associare le fibre solubili all’intervento nutrizionale è risultata vincente, in quanto ha dimostrato che una corretta alimentazione, basata sulla dieta mediterranea, ha un effetto tempo dipendente nella riduzione dei livelli di colesterolo aterogeno. Inoltre, l’integrazione di fibre solubili, a parità di tempo, ha aumentato il decremento dei parametri aterogenici di circa il 10% rispetto a quanto riportato in letteratura con l’adozione della sola dieta mediterranea. In conclusione, l’approccio adottato ha dimostrato di potenziare l’effetto della sola dieta mediterranea velocizzando la normalizzazione del profilo lipidico e riducendo l’esposizione a quei fattori di rischio che, nel tempo, promuovono l’insorgenza di complicanze cardiovascolari.
Dyslipidaemia, characterized by altered lipid metabolism, is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although the incidence of these complications is generally lower in children than in adults, epidemiological evidence has shown an increasing prevalence of dyslipidemia in young people. This condition can predispose to the development of complications such as early atherosclerosis, which increase the high mortality rate associated with CVD. This retrospective cohort study aims to explore the topic of dyslipidemia in children. The research focuses on the potential role of the Mediterranean diet combined with the use of fibre to assess its effectiveness in restoring an adequate metabolic profile. The study involved 54 pediatric dyslipidemic patients divided into three groups: diabetic, diabetic and obese and overweight/obese. The young patients are between 7 and 20 years old and were followed at the department of the pediatric diabetology of the Santa Chiara Hospital in Pisa. During the first visit, anamnestic and anthropometric data were collected as well as blood values such as total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, non-HDL cholesterol, HbA1c. For each patient, a personalized, isocaloric nutritional plan was developed based on the Mediterranean diet, which was associated with daily supplementation of 5 g of soluble fiber before main meals. The 18-month survey included follow-up visits every 6 months during which blood values and anthropometric parameters were assessed. In addition, individual interviews were used to monitor adherence to the treatment plan and weekly physical activity. At baseline, patients with diabetes and patiens with diabetes and obesity showed HbA1c values higher than 6.5%, the threshold for the diagnosis of frank diabetes. In contrast, overweight/obese patients have normal HbA1c values. The BMI of diabetic was normal, that of overweight/obese patients was in the range between overweight and obesity, while the BMI of patients with diabetes and obesity was an indication of severe obesity. Analysis of the first blood values revealed a highly altered lipid/metabolic profile in the entire study population. Specifically, patients with diabetes and obesity had a more altered cholesterol profile than those with only one of these conditions, whereas the most varied triglyceride value was observed in the overweight/obese group. The dyslipidemic pattern is in line with diet, which revealed several critical aspects such as high weekly consumption of meat, sweets and ultra-processed products and low fiber consumption. The results obtained in the study were satisfactory: during the observation period a positive trend was observed with general improvement of lipid and metabolic parameters in all categories in the study. The greatest decrease in atherogenic cholesterol levels was observed in the diabetic and both diabetic and obese patients group, while variations in HDL levels were more limited. Finally, the adoption of the nutritional plan provided also resulted in an improvement of HbA1c values, although this was not the primary objective of the study. The decision to extend the study period to 18 months and the choice to combine soluble fiber with nutritional intervention was successful. Research has shown that a proper diet, based on the Mediterranean diet, has a time-dependent effect in reducing levels of atherogenic cholesterol. In addition, the integration of soluble fiber increased the decrease of the atherogenic parameters by about 10% compared to the literature with the adoption of the Mediterranean diet alone. In conclusion, the approach adopted has been shown to enhance the effect of the Mediterranean diet by speeding up the normalization of the lipid profile and reducing exposure to those risk factors that promote the onset of cardiovascular complications.
Dyslipidaemia, characterized by altered lipid metabolism, is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although the incidence of these complications is generally lower in children than in adults, epidemiological evidence has shown an increasing prevalence of dyslipidemia in young people. This condition can predispose to the development of complications such as early atherosclerosis, which increase the high mortality rate associated with CVD. This retrospective cohort study aims to explore the topic of dyslipidemia in children. The research focuses on the potential role of the Mediterranean diet combined with the use of fibre to assess its effectiveness in restoring an adequate metabolic profile. The study involved 54 pediatric dyslipidemic patients divided into three groups: diabetic, diabetic and obese and overweight/obese. The young patients are between 7 and 20 years old and were followed at the department of the pediatric diabetology of the Santa Chiara Hospital in Pisa. During the first visit, anamnestic and anthropometric data were collected as well as blood values such as total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, non-HDL cholesterol, HbA1c. For each patient, a personalized, isocaloric nutritional plan was developed based on the Mediterranean diet, which was associated with daily supplementation of 5 g of soluble fiber before main meals. The 18-month survey included follow-up visits every 6 months during which blood values and anthropometric parameters were assessed. In addition, individual interviews were used to monitor adherence to the treatment plan and weekly physical activity. At baseline, patients with diabetes and patiens with diabetes and obesity showed HbA1c values higher than 6.5%, the threshold for the diagnosis of frank diabetes. In contrast, overweight/obese patients have normal HbA1c values. The BMI of diabetic was normal, that of overweight/obese patients was in the range between overweight and obesity, while the BMI of patients with diabetes and obesity was an indication of severe obesity. Analysis of the first blood values revealed a highly altered lipid/metabolic profile in the entire study population. Specifically, patients with diabetes and obesity had a more altered cholesterol profile than those with only one of these conditions, whereas the most varied triglyceride value was observed in the overweight/obese group. The dyslipidemic pattern is in line with diet, which revealed several critical aspects such as high weekly consumption of meat, sweets and ultra-processed products and low fiber consumption. The results obtained in the study were satisfactory: during the observation period a positive trend was observed with general improvement of lipid and metabolic parameters in all categories in the study. The greatest decrease in atherogenic cholesterol levels was observed in the diabetic and both diabetic and obese patients group, while variations in HDL levels were more limited. Finally, the adoption of the nutritional plan provided also resulted in an improvement of HbA1c values, although this was not the primary objective of the study. The decision to extend the study period to 18 months and the choice to combine soluble fiber with nutritional intervention was successful. Research has shown that a proper diet, based on the Mediterranean diet, has a time-dependent effect in reducing levels of atherogenic cholesterol. In addition, the integration of soluble fiber increased the decrease of the atherogenic parameters by about 10% compared to the literature with the adoption of the Mediterranean diet alone. In conclusion, the approach adopted has been shown to enhance the effect of the Mediterranean diet by speeding up the normalization of the lipid profile and reducing exposure to those risk factors that promote the onset of cardiovascular complications.
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