Tesi etd-01112025-183429 |
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Tipo di tesi
Tesi di specializzazione (4 anni)
Autore
CAPPELLI, SARA
URN
etd-01112025-183429
Titolo
Ecografia del diaframma e dei muscoli respiratori come predittori precoci di necessità di ventilazione meccanica non invasiva in pazienti con SLA
Dipartimento
PATOLOGIA CHIRURGICA, MEDICA, MOLECOLARE E DELL'AREA CRITICA
Corso di studi
MALATTIE DELL'APPARATO RESPIRATORIO
Relatori
relatore Prof.ssa Carrozzi, Laura
correlatore Dott. Gherardi, Marco
correlatore Dott. Gherardi, Marco
Parole chiave
- ALS
- diaphragmatic ultrasound
- ecografia diaframmatica
- ecografia muscoli respiratori
- non-invasive mechanical ventilation
- respiratory muscle ultrasound
- SLA
- ventilazione meccanica non invasiva
Data inizio appello
31/01/2025
Consultabilità
Non consultabile
Data di rilascio
31/01/2065
Riassunto
L’insufficienza respiratoria rappresenta la principale causa di morte nei pazienti con sclerosi laterale amiotrofica (SLA) e la ventilazione meccanica non invasiva (VMNI) si è dimostrata in grado di incrementare la sopravvivenza e la qualità di vita di questi soggetti. Allo stato attuale, non esistono marker precoci di disfunzione muscolare in grado di predire la necessità di VMNI. Lo studio mira primariamente a identificare un predittore in grado di anticipare la necessità di VMNI. Si tratta di uno studio monocentrico, osservazionale, longitudinale e prospettico in pazienti con diagnosi di SLA che accedono all’Ambulatorio di Malattie Neuromuscolari presso l’Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana (AOUP). Il giorno della visita i pazienti sono sottoposti a valutazione clinica, spirometrica, degli scambi gassosi ed ecografia del diaframma e dei muscoli respiratori. In particolare, sono stati misurati ecograficamente lo spessore dei muscoli della parete antero-laterale dell’addome e del M. Intercostale esterno. Del diaframma sono stati misurati spessore ed escursione a respiro quieto e in inspirazione massimale. Sono stati poi calcolati la “Percentage of thickening” (TF), l’Indice di reclutamento diaframmatico (DT) e introdotti due nuovi parametri per valutare la riserva funzionale diaframmatica: l’Excursion fraction” (EF) e l’Indice C (IC). Dai dati preliminari su 31 pazienti arruolati dall’Aprile 2024 all’Ottobre 2024 è risultato che i soggetti con SLA bulbare presentavano minor escursione diaframmatica in inspirazione profonda e maggior alterazione degli scambi gassosi. Inoltre, l’Indice C era superiore rispetto ai soggetti con SLA non bulbare. Nei soggetti con EGA alterato, l’EF è risultata ridotta e l’indice C più alto. Ciò è concorde con l’ipotesi che nei soggetti con alto indice C sia presente una ridotta riserva diaframmatica. Il miglior cut-off di indice C in grado di discriminare tra soggetti con compenso e scompenso diaframmatico è risultato essere del 39.52%. Applicando tale cut-off, è risultato che l’84.75% dei pazienti con compenso diaframmatico avevano un EGA normale e il 64.29% di quelli con scompenso diaframmatico avevano un EGA alterato. Dall’analisi univariata non è risultato che l’età e il sesso contribuiscano in modo statisticamente significativo a determinare alterazioni emogasanalitici. L’indice C è risultato inoltre in grado di discriminare i soggetti con alterazioni spirometriche. Infatti, utilizzando come cut-off per compenso/scompenso diaframmatico quello individuato precedentemente, è risultato che i soggetti con scompenso diaframmatico avevano valori di VC% più bassi rispetto a quelli con compenso diaframmatico. L’indice C risulta quindi un buon predittore indipendente di disfunzione diaframmatica in grado di predire alterazioni spirometriche ed emogasanalitiche e necessità di VMNI in pazienti con SLA.
Al fine di poterlo utilizzare nella pratica clinica, ad eventuale sostituzione della spirometria soprattutto nelle SLA bulbari dove essa risulta poco attendibile per incontinenza glottica e scialorrea, e dell’EGA, invasivo e non sempre ben accettato dai pazienti, sono necessari ulteriori studi su una popolazione più ampia.
Respiratory failure is the leading cause of death in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIVM) has been shown to increase survival and quality of life in these patients. Currently, there are no early markers of muscle dysfunction that can predict the need for NVM. The study primarily aims to identify a predictor that can anticipate the need for NVM. This is a monocentric, observational, longitudinal and prospective study in patients diagnosed with ALS who access the Neuromuscular Diseases Outpatient Clinic at the University Hospital of Pisa (AOUP). On the day of the visit, patients undergo clinical, spirometric and gas exchange assessments and ultrasound of the diaphragm and respiratory muscles. In particular, the thickness of the anterolateral abdominal wall muscles and the external intercostal muscle were measured by ultrasound. Diaphragm thickness and excursion were measured during quiet breathing and maximal inspiration. The “Percentage of thickening” (TF), the Diaphragmatic recruitment index (DT) were then calculated and two new parameters were introduced to evaluate the diaphragmatic functional reserve: the Excursion fraction (EF) and the C index (IC). Preliminary data on 31 patients enrolled from April 2024 to October 2024 showed that subjects with bulbar ALS had a lower diaphragmatic excursion during deep inspiration and a greater alteration of gas exchange. Furthermore, the C index was higher than subjects with non-bulbar ALS. In subjects with altered EGA, EF was reduced and the C index was higher. This is consistent with the hypothesis that subjects with a high C index have a reduced diaphragmatic reserve. The best C-index cut-off able to discriminate between subjects with diaphragmatic compensation and decompensation was found to be 39.52%. Applying this cut-off, it was found that 84.75% of patients with diaphragmatic compensation had a normal ABG and 64.29% of those with diaphragmatic decompensation had an altered ABG. Univariate analysis did not show that age and sex contributed in a statistically significant way to determine blood gas analysis alterations. The C-index was also found to be able to discriminate subjects with spirometric alterations. In fact, using the previously identified cut-off for diaphragmatic compensation/decompensation, it was found that subjects with diaphragmatic decompensation had lower VC% values than those with diaphragmatic compensation. The C index is therefore a good independent predictor of diaphragmatic dysfunction, able to predict spirometric and blood gas analysis alterations and the need for VMNI in patients with ALS.
In order to be able to use it in clinical practice, as a possible replacement for spirometry, especially in bulbar ALS where it is unreliable due to glottic incontinence and sialorrhea, and for ABG, which is invasive and not always well accepted by patients, further studies on a larger population are needed.
Al fine di poterlo utilizzare nella pratica clinica, ad eventuale sostituzione della spirometria soprattutto nelle SLA bulbari dove essa risulta poco attendibile per incontinenza glottica e scialorrea, e dell’EGA, invasivo e non sempre ben accettato dai pazienti, sono necessari ulteriori studi su una popolazione più ampia.
Respiratory failure is the leading cause of death in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIVM) has been shown to increase survival and quality of life in these patients. Currently, there are no early markers of muscle dysfunction that can predict the need for NVM. The study primarily aims to identify a predictor that can anticipate the need for NVM. This is a monocentric, observational, longitudinal and prospective study in patients diagnosed with ALS who access the Neuromuscular Diseases Outpatient Clinic at the University Hospital of Pisa (AOUP). On the day of the visit, patients undergo clinical, spirometric and gas exchange assessments and ultrasound of the diaphragm and respiratory muscles. In particular, the thickness of the anterolateral abdominal wall muscles and the external intercostal muscle were measured by ultrasound. Diaphragm thickness and excursion were measured during quiet breathing and maximal inspiration. The “Percentage of thickening” (TF), the Diaphragmatic recruitment index (DT) were then calculated and two new parameters were introduced to evaluate the diaphragmatic functional reserve: the Excursion fraction (EF) and the C index (IC). Preliminary data on 31 patients enrolled from April 2024 to October 2024 showed that subjects with bulbar ALS had a lower diaphragmatic excursion during deep inspiration and a greater alteration of gas exchange. Furthermore, the C index was higher than subjects with non-bulbar ALS. In subjects with altered EGA, EF was reduced and the C index was higher. This is consistent with the hypothesis that subjects with a high C index have a reduced diaphragmatic reserve. The best C-index cut-off able to discriminate between subjects with diaphragmatic compensation and decompensation was found to be 39.52%. Applying this cut-off, it was found that 84.75% of patients with diaphragmatic compensation had a normal ABG and 64.29% of those with diaphragmatic decompensation had an altered ABG. Univariate analysis did not show that age and sex contributed in a statistically significant way to determine blood gas analysis alterations. The C-index was also found to be able to discriminate subjects with spirometric alterations. In fact, using the previously identified cut-off for diaphragmatic compensation/decompensation, it was found that subjects with diaphragmatic decompensation had lower VC% values than those with diaphragmatic compensation. The C index is therefore a good independent predictor of diaphragmatic dysfunction, able to predict spirometric and blood gas analysis alterations and the need for VMNI in patients with ALS.
In order to be able to use it in clinical practice, as a possible replacement for spirometry, especially in bulbar ALS where it is unreliable due to glottic incontinence and sialorrhea, and for ABG, which is invasive and not always well accepted by patients, further studies on a larger population are needed.
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