Tesi etd-11252022-112535 |
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Tipo di tesi
Tesi di laurea magistrale
Autore
ZANELLA, SELENA
URN
etd-11252022-112535
Titolo
Il gene SMC1A come possibile target terapeutico nel tumore del colon-retto
Dipartimento
BIOLOGIA
Corso di studi
BIOLOGIA APPLICATA ALLA BIOMEDICINA
Relatori
relatore Dott. Musio, Antonio
Parole chiave
- cancro del colon-retto
- coesina
- cohesin
- colorectal cancer
- deregolazione dell'espressione genica
- gene expression dysregulation
- shRNA
- SMC1A
Data inizio appello
13/12/2022
Consultabilità
Non consultabile
Data di rilascio
13/12/2092
Riassunto
La coesina è un complesso multiproteico con struttura ad anello che svolge un ruolo fondamentale nella coesione e nella successiva corretta segregazione dei cromatidi fratelli nelle cellule figlie durante la mitosi e la meiosi. È costituita da un core formato da quattro proteine (SMC1A, SMC3, RAD21 e STAG1/2) e, insieme a una serie di proteine accessorie con funzione regolatoria, è coinvolta anche nell’organizzazione della struttura cromatinica, nella regolazione dell’espressione genica, nella replicazione e nella riparazione del DNA. Mutazioni germinali nei geni della coesina, ma anche mutazioni nei geni codificanti le sue proteine regolatorie, danno luogo a malattie che nel loro complesso prendono il nome di coesinopatie, tra cui le più importanti e conosciute sono la sindrome di Cornelia de Lange (CdLS) e la sindrome di Roberts (RBS). Le mutazioni somatiche e la deregolazione di questi geni, invece, sono coinvolte nello sviluppo di diversi tipi di tumore, tra cui il cancro al colon-retto (CCR). Questo è il secondo tumore per frequenza e mortalità sia tra gli uomini che nelle donne in Italia. Attraverso analisi genomiche su questi tumori sono state trovate mutazioni e deregolazioni di diversi geni della coesina, tra cui SMC1A, SMC3, STAG2 e NIPBL. In particolare, tramite un’analisi delle copy number variations (CNVs) è stata osservata una sovraespressione del gene SMC1A, associata ad una maggiore aggressività del tumore e quindi una peggiore prognosi. Queste osservazioni, di conseguenza, ci portano a ritenere che SMC1A abbia un ruolo nella patogenesi del CCR. Tenendo conto delle evidenze riportate è stato ipotizzato che SMC1A potesse essere un promettente target terapeutico. Durante il mio internato di tesi ho affrontato questo problema scientifico. Innanzitutto, ho coltivato due linee cellulari di carcinoma del colon umano, le HCT116 wild-type e le HCT116 che sovraesprimono il gene SMC1A. Queste cellule sono state poi inoculate in topi nudi per ottenere dei modelli di xenograft per il tumore al colon. Con lo scopo di valutare l’effetto sui tumori della ridotta espressione di SMC1A, i topi sono stati poi inoculati con uno short hairpin RNA (shRNA) contro SMC1A. I dati mostrano che nei topi trattati con shRNA si ha una riduzione significativa del volume dei noduli tumorali e un miglioramento anche in termini di sopravvivenza dei topi. I tumori sono stati poi asportati e su questi ho proceduto con l’estrazione dell’RNA, il quale è stato utilizzato per il suo sequenziamento (RNA-Seq) in modo da identificare le vie biochimiche coinvolte nella regressione dei tumori.
Cohesin is a ring-shaped multi-protein complex that plays a fundamental role in sister chromatids cohesion and subsequent correct segregation in daughter cells during mitosis and meiosis. It consists of a core composed by four proteins (SMC1A, SMC3, RAD21 and STAG1/2) and, along with several auxiliary proteins with regulatory function, is involved in chromatin structure organization, in gene expression regulation and in DNA replication and repair. Germline mutations in genes encoding proteins of cohesin complex and its regulators are responsible for a class of human diseases that collectively are called cohesinopathies, among which the most important and best known are Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) and Roberts syndrome (RBS). Instead, somatic mutations and dysregulation of these genes are involved in the development of different types of cancer, including colorectal carcinoma (CRC). CRC is the second most frequent and deadliest cancer in both men and women in Italy. Through CRC genomic analyses, mutations and dysregulation of several genes coding for cohesin complex or regulatory factors were identified, including SMC1A, SMC3, STAG2 and NIPBL. In particular, through CNVs analyses, the overexpression of SMC1A gene was observed. This is associated with more aggressive tumors and worse prognosis. These findings, therefore, leads us to hypothesize that SMC1A could play a role in CRC pathogenesis and SMC1A could be a promising therapeutic target. During my thesis internship, I gain new insights into this topic. First of all, I cultured two cell lines of human colon carcinoma: HCT116 wild-type and HCT116 overexpressing SMC1A gene. These cells were inoculated into nude mice to obtain a xenograft model for colon cancer. With the aim of evaluating the effect of SMC1A downregulation on tumor development, nodules deriving from HCT116 overexpressing SMC1A were treated with a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against SMC1A. Results showed a significant reduction in the volume of nodules and an improvement of survival in mice treated with shRNA. Then the tumors were excised, and I proceeded with RNA extraction in order to perform its sequencing (RNA-Seq). This will allow us to identify biochemical pathways involved in cancer regression.
Cohesin is a ring-shaped multi-protein complex that plays a fundamental role in sister chromatids cohesion and subsequent correct segregation in daughter cells during mitosis and meiosis. It consists of a core composed by four proteins (SMC1A, SMC3, RAD21 and STAG1/2) and, along with several auxiliary proteins with regulatory function, is involved in chromatin structure organization, in gene expression regulation and in DNA replication and repair. Germline mutations in genes encoding proteins of cohesin complex and its regulators are responsible for a class of human diseases that collectively are called cohesinopathies, among which the most important and best known are Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) and Roberts syndrome (RBS). Instead, somatic mutations and dysregulation of these genes are involved in the development of different types of cancer, including colorectal carcinoma (CRC). CRC is the second most frequent and deadliest cancer in both men and women in Italy. Through CRC genomic analyses, mutations and dysregulation of several genes coding for cohesin complex or regulatory factors were identified, including SMC1A, SMC3, STAG2 and NIPBL. In particular, through CNVs analyses, the overexpression of SMC1A gene was observed. This is associated with more aggressive tumors and worse prognosis. These findings, therefore, leads us to hypothesize that SMC1A could play a role in CRC pathogenesis and SMC1A could be a promising therapeutic target. During my thesis internship, I gain new insights into this topic. First of all, I cultured two cell lines of human colon carcinoma: HCT116 wild-type and HCT116 overexpressing SMC1A gene. These cells were inoculated into nude mice to obtain a xenograft model for colon cancer. With the aim of evaluating the effect of SMC1A downregulation on tumor development, nodules deriving from HCT116 overexpressing SMC1A were treated with a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against SMC1A. Results showed a significant reduction in the volume of nodules and an improvement of survival in mice treated with shRNA. Then the tumors were excised, and I proceeded with RNA extraction in order to perform its sequencing (RNA-Seq). This will allow us to identify biochemical pathways involved in cancer regression.
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