Tesi etd-11202017-114138 |
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Tipo di tesi
Tesi di laurea magistrale
Autore
TADDEO, ANTONELLA
URN
etd-11202017-114138
Titolo
Valutazione del profilo microbiologico di campioni di polline d'api commercializzati in Toscana
Dipartimento
SCIENZE AGRARIE, ALIMENTARI E AGRO-AMBIENTALI
Corso di studi
BIOSICUREZZA E QUALITA DEGLI ALIMENTI
Relatori
relatore Dott.ssa Turchi, Barbara
relatore Dott.ssa Pedonese, Francesca
correlatore Dott.ssa Nuvoloni, Roberta
relatore Dott.ssa Pedonese, Francesca
correlatore Dott.ssa Nuvoloni, Roberta
Parole chiave
- polline d'api
- profilo microbiologico
Data inizio appello
11/12/2017
Consultabilità
Non consultabile
Data di rilascio
11/12/2087
Riassunto
Il polline rappresenta l’insieme dei gametofiti maschili nel processo di fecondazione delle angiosperme, viene raccolto dalle api ed “impacchettato” in quantità notevolmente superiori rispetto alle esigenze dell’alveare e gli apicoltori, considerate le sue proprietà benefiche e la straordinaria composizione nutrizionale, ne prelevano una parte, che una volta sottoposta a lavorazioni diverse, può essere messa in commercio e destinata al consumo umano. Il presente lavoro ha avuto lo scopo di valutare il profilo microbiologico di pollini d’api commercializzati in Toscana. Su un totale di 29 campioni, sono state effettuate le seguenti analisi: misurazione dell’Activity water (Aw); misurazione del pH; ricerca di Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, enumerazione della carica batterica mesofila totale aerobia (CBT); muffe, Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, spore di Bacillus cereus, spore di clostridi solfito-riduttori e batteri lattici (LAB). Qualora presenti, i LAB sono stati isolati e purificati al fine di effettuare una prima caratterizzazione biochimica. Tutti i campioni di polline sono stati inoltre sottoposti ad analisi palinologica. I valori di Aw registrati variavano da 0,19 a 0,77, quelli di pH da 4,50 a 6,10. In tutti i campioni sono risultati assenti: Salmonella spp., L. monocytogenes, E. coli, S. aureus, spore di B. cereus e di clostridi solfito-riduttori. I valori di CBT si sono attestati in un range compreso tra 2,0 e 6,0 log UFC/g (6/29 superiori al valore limite proposto da Campos et al. 2008); quelli di Enterobacteriaceae tra <2,0 e 4,1 log UFC/g (con 7/29 superiori al valore limite proposto da Campos et al. 2008); quelli delle muffe variavano da <1 a 4 log UFC/g; mentre quelli dei LAB da <2,0 a 6 log UFC/g. La caratterizzazione fenotipica dei LAB tramite kit API 50 CH ha permesso di ottenere 4 differenti profili metabolici a partire da 15 isolati analizzati: un profilo era riconducibile a Leuconostoc lactis (99,1 % ID); tre a Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp delbrueckii (68% ID); uno a Lactobacillus fructivorans (76,1 % ID); i restanti 10 hanno mostrato un profilo identico, non in grado di fornire un’identificazione attendibile. Seppur il numero di campioni analizzati, risulti essere limitato, i risultati ottenuti sembrano suggerire che il polline d’api potrebbe presentare criticità dal punto di vista del profilo microbiologico. I campioni analizzati hanno, infatti, fornito risultati talvolta non conformi con i valori di riferimento proposti da Campos et al. (2008). Tuttavia, non è stato possibile rilevare nei campioni microrganismi patogeni, ma piuttosto una carica, talvolta considerevole, di microrganismi commensali quali i LAB. Infine, al fine di avere un quadro completo, sarebbe interessante, non solo ampliare il numero di campioni analizzati, ma anche effettuare analisi volte alla rilevazione di micotossine e metalli pesanti.
Abstract
Pollen represents male gametophytes in the fertilization process of the angiosperm, and it is harvested and "packaged" by bees in a much higher quantity than the hive requirement, and beekeepers, considering its beneficial properties and extraordinary nutritional composition, collect a part of it, which after being subjected to different processes, can be marketed for human consumption. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiological profile of bee pollen marketed in Tuscany. Twentynine samples were subjected to the following analyses: determination of Activity water (Aw); pH; presence/absence of Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, enumeration of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (CBT);, molds, Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus spores, spore of sulphite-reducing clostridia and lactic bacteria (LAB). When present, LAB have been isolated and purified in order to carry out a biochemical characterization. In addition, all pollen samples examined were subjected to palynological analysis. Aw values ranged from 0.19 to 0.77, pH values from 4.50 to 6.10. Salmonella spp., L. monocytogenes, E. coli, S. aureus, B. cereus spores and sulphite-reducing clostridia spores were absent in all samples. CBT values ranged from 2.0 to 6.0 log UFC/g (6/29 above the limit value proposed by Campos et al., 2008); Enterobacteriaceae values ranged between <2.0 to 4.1 log UFC/g (with 7/29 above the limit value proposed by Campos et al., 2008); mold concentration ranged from <1 to 4 log UFC/g; LAB from <2.0 to 6 log UFC/g. LAB phenotypic characterization by API50 CH kit allowed to obtain 4 different metabolic profiles from 15 analyzed isolates: a profile matched with Leuconostoc lactis (99.1% ID); three with Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp delbrueckii (68% ID); one with Lactobacillus fructivorans (76.1% ID); the remaining 10 isolates showed an identical profile, unable to provide a reliable identification. Although the number of samples analyzed is limited, the results suggest that bee pollen could present some criticisms concerning microbiological profile. Indeed, samples analyzed were sometimes not compliant with reference values proposed by Campos et al. (2008). However, pathogenic microorganisms were not detected in samples, but rather a sometimes considerable load of commensal microorganisms such as LAB. Finally, in order to have a complete picture, it would be interesting not only to expand the number of samples analyzed, but also to carry out analyses for the detection of mycotoxins and heavy metals.
Abstract
Pollen represents male gametophytes in the fertilization process of the angiosperm, and it is harvested and "packaged" by bees in a much higher quantity than the hive requirement, and beekeepers, considering its beneficial properties and extraordinary nutritional composition, collect a part of it, which after being subjected to different processes, can be marketed for human consumption. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiological profile of bee pollen marketed in Tuscany. Twentynine samples were subjected to the following analyses: determination of Activity water (Aw); pH; presence/absence of Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, enumeration of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (CBT);, molds, Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus spores, spore of sulphite-reducing clostridia and lactic bacteria (LAB). When present, LAB have been isolated and purified in order to carry out a biochemical characterization. In addition, all pollen samples examined were subjected to palynological analysis. Aw values ranged from 0.19 to 0.77, pH values from 4.50 to 6.10. Salmonella spp., L. monocytogenes, E. coli, S. aureus, B. cereus spores and sulphite-reducing clostridia spores were absent in all samples. CBT values ranged from 2.0 to 6.0 log UFC/g (6/29 above the limit value proposed by Campos et al., 2008); Enterobacteriaceae values ranged between <2.0 to 4.1 log UFC/g (with 7/29 above the limit value proposed by Campos et al., 2008); mold concentration ranged from <1 to 4 log UFC/g; LAB from <2.0 to 6 log UFC/g. LAB phenotypic characterization by API50 CH kit allowed to obtain 4 different metabolic profiles from 15 analyzed isolates: a profile matched with Leuconostoc lactis (99.1% ID); three with Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp delbrueckii (68% ID); one with Lactobacillus fructivorans (76.1% ID); the remaining 10 isolates showed an identical profile, unable to provide a reliable identification. Although the number of samples analyzed is limited, the results suggest that bee pollen could present some criticisms concerning microbiological profile. Indeed, samples analyzed were sometimes not compliant with reference values proposed by Campos et al. (2008). However, pathogenic microorganisms were not detected in samples, but rather a sometimes considerable load of commensal microorganisms such as LAB. Finally, in order to have a complete picture, it would be interesting not only to expand the number of samples analyzed, but also to carry out analyses for the detection of mycotoxins and heavy metals.
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