• Belief
• Skepticism
• Kant
• Conviction
• Epistemology.
• Error
• Certainty
• Knowledge
• Spinoza
• Mendelssohn
• certezza
• errore
• sapere
• credere
• convinzione
• certezza morale
• scetticismo
• dubbio
• canone della ragion pura
• epistemologia
• Gewissheit
• Fürwahrhalten
• Wissen
• Glauben
• Überzeugung
• Descartes

My dissertation deals with the concept of certainty in Kant's thought and modern philosophy. Descartes, Spinoza, and Mendelssohn define the certainty in response to different philosophical demands, such as the aspiration to an indubitable truth (Descartes), to a necessary knowledge (Spinoza), and to philosophy with the same epistemological standard of mathematics (Mendelssohn). Kant, instead, tries to analyze the family of propositional attitudes of knowledge (Wissen), belief (Glaube), and conviction (Überzeugung) in order to clarify different standards and requirements for different kinds of knowledge. I aim to show that Kantian logical certainty describes a necessary knowledge and that this certainty is also indubitable thanks to critical philosophy's capacity to put an end to skeptical doubts. Only by acknowledging the nature of the certainty, it is possible to comprehend Kant's claim that the certainty of his philosophy must be the standard of any future philosophical enterprise.