Tesi etd-10122021-163254 |
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Tipo di tesi
Tesi di laurea magistrale LM5
Autore
RIBUFFI, ALESSANDRO
URN
etd-10122021-163254
Titolo
Qualità igienico sanitaria del latte e benessere animale nell'allevamento ovino
Dipartimento
SCIENZE VETERINARIE
Corso di studi
MEDICINA VETERINARIA
Relatori
relatore Prof.ssa Bonelli, Francesca
correlatore Prof. Mele, Marcello
controrelatore Prof. Bertelloni, Fabrizio
correlatore Prof. Mele, Marcello
controrelatore Prof. Bertelloni, Fabrizio
Parole chiave
- Animal-based welfare
- Benessere animal-based
- Dairy sheep
- Igiene di mungitura
- Mastite
- Mastitis
- Milk hygienic quality
- Milking hygiene
- Pecora da latte
- Qualità igienico-sanitaria del latte
Data inizio appello
29/10/2021
Consultabilità
Non consultabile
Data di rilascio
29/10/2091
Riassunto
Negli ultimi anni l'allevamento ovino si è evoluto verso l'industrializzazione, la quale è stata seguita da una maggiore liberalizzazione del mercato. Questi fenomeni hanno fatto sì che da parte dei consumatori vi sia stata la richiesta di un'aumentata produzione di latte in termini di quantità. Allo stesso tempo è nata anche l'esigenza di avere un prodotto di alta qualità, sia dal punto di vista delle caratteristiche chimico-fisiche, sia dal punto di vista igienico-sanitario, determinata in base alla conta delle cellule somatiche (CCS) e della conta batterica totale (CBT) del latte di massa. Contestualmente alla richiesta di aumento della produzione e di innalzamento della qualità del latte, ha preso piede anche la sensibilizzazione verso la salute e il benessere degli ovini da latte, altro requisito fondamentale per il consumatore.A tal proposito, in questo studio, è stato analizzata la correlazione tra la qualità igienico-sanitaria del latte massale ovino, i rilievi di benessere animal-based e rilievi di igiene di mungitura. La valutazione dei rilievi di benessere animal-based e dei rilievi di igiene di mungitura è avvenuta sul campo ed è stata effettuata tramite una versione definitiva del questionario formulato attraverso un consenso di opinioni di esperti sul campo, derivante dalla checklist Classyfarm. I rilievi di benessere animal-based inclusi nel questionario sono stati: la presenza/assenza di zoppia, presenza/assenza di lesioni, presenza/assenza di imbrattamento del vello, e la valutazione del body condition score (BCS). I rilievi di igiene di mungitura inclusi nel questionario sono stati: la presenza/assenza di una sala di mungitura separata dalla zona di riposo, di un impianto di mungitura meccanica, dello stacco automatico del gruppo di mungitura, dell’applicazione del dipping e della sporcizia in sala di mungitura. L'analisi microbiologica del latte è stata eseguita presso il Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive del Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie dell’Università di Pisa, mentre la conta batterica totale e la conta delle cellule somatiche sono state eseguite presso il Laboratorio del Caseificio di Manciano (ISO/IEC 17025). Le analisi microbiologiche sono state eseguite per la determinazione quantitativa di Escherichia coli, Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp. e per la valutazione della conta batterica psicrofila totale (CBPT), che sono state svolte seguendo i protocolli in uso presso il Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive del Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie dell’Università di Pisa, specifici per ogni microrganismo. La presente ricerca si è svolta presso le aziende di ovini da latte che conferiscono il latte al caseificio di Manciano (GR). Nello studio sono state incluse un totale di 192 aziende. In 15 di queste aziende non è stato possibile eseguire campioni di latte, perciò sono state escluse dallo studio. Il totale di aziende per cui sono stati valutati i dati microbiologici e quelli relativi al management e al benessere animale sono state 177. Il totale di animali inclusi è stato di 56131 pecore e 1218 montoni, tra cui le principali razze allevate sono state: 90% pecora Sarda, 3% pecora Laucane, 3% pecora Comisana, 2% Appenninica, 0,5% pecora Assaf, 0,5% pecora Vissana, 0,5% pecora delle Langhe, 0,5% pecora Amiatina.Nello studio è stata osservato che le aziende con una buona gestione del benessere animal-based tendevano ad avere una migliore qualità igienico-sanitaria e una migliore igiene della mungitura rispetto alle altre, non arrivando tuttavia ad una significatività. Questo risultato è in linea con la letteratura dove ad una migliore gestione del benessere animal-based corrisponde anche una migliore qualità delle produzioni. Il nostro studio non abbiamo trovato una relazione tra la gestione ed igiene della mungitura e la qualità igienico-sanitaria del latte. Questo potrebbe essere dovuto ad un singolo campione di latte di massa analizzato in ogni azienda. Il latte di massa, infatti, ha caratteristiche che possono variare in base a numerosi fatti come ad esempio il numero di giorni in mungitura degli animali, il numero di lattazione, la stagione ecc. In futuro, perciò, è consigliabile effettuare un maggior numero di campioni di latte massale nel tempo per valutare più attentamente se questo può essere influenzato dalla gestione e dall’igiene di mungitura e attuare un’analisi del rapporto dei rilievi di benessere animal-based e la qualità igienico-sanitaria del latte derivante da campioni individuali.
Over the years sheep farming has evolved towards industrialization, which has been followed by greater market liberalization. These phenomena have led to consumer demand for increased milk production in terms of quantity. At the same time, there was also a need for a high-quality product, both in terms of chemical-physical characteristics and from a hygienic-sanitary point of view, determined based on the somatic cell count (CCS) and the total bacterial count (CBT) of the bulk milk. At the same time as the demand for increased production and higher milk quality, there has also been a growing awareness of the health and welfare of dairy sheep, which is another fundamental requirement for the consumer to respect on the farm. In this regard, in this study, the correlation between the hygienic quality of sheep mass milk, animal-based welfare surveys, and milking hygiene surveys was analyzed. The evaluation of animal-based welfare and milk in hygiene measurements was carried out in the field and was done utilizing a final version of the questionnaire formulated through a consensus of expert opinions in the field, derived from the Classyfarm checklist. The animal-based welfare measurements included in the questionnaire were: the presence/ absence of lameness, presence/ absence of lesions, presence/ absence fleeces oiling, and the evaluation of body condition score (BCS). Milk in hygiene measurements included in the questionnaire was: the presence/absence of a separate milking parlor from the resting area, mechanical milk in equipment, automatic take-off, application of dipping, dirtiness in the milking parlor. The microbiological analysis of the milk was carried out at the Infectious Diseases Laboratory of the Department of Veterinary Science of the University of Pisa, while the total bacterial count and the somatic cell count were performed at the Manciano Dairy Laboratory (ISO/IEC 17025). Microbiological analyses were carried out for the quantitative determination of Escherichia coli, Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus spp., and Pseudomonas spp. and for the evaluation of the total psychrophilic bacterial count (CBPT), which were performed following the protocols in use at the Laboratory of infectious diseases of the Department of Veterinary Sciences of the University of Pisa, specific for each microorganism. The present research was carried out on dairy sheep farms that supply milk to the dairy in Manciano (GR). A total of 192 farms were included in the study. In 15 of these farms, it was not possible to take milk samples, so they were excluded from the study. The total number of farms for which microbiological, management and animal welfare data were evaluated was 177. The total number of animals included was 56131 sheep and 1218 rams, of which the main breeds were: 90% Sarda sheep, 3% Laucane sheep, 3% Comisana sheep, 2% Appenninica sheep, 0.5% Assaf sheep, 0.5% Vissana sheep, 0.5% Langhe sheep, 0.5% Amiatina sheep. In the study it was observed that farms with a good animal-based welfare management tended to have a better hygienic quality and better milking hygiene than the others, however, not reaching a significance. This result agrees with the literature where better animal-based welfare management also corresponds to better production quality. In our study we did not find a relationship between milking management and hygiene and milk hygiene quality. This could be due to a single sample of bulk milk analyzed on each farm. Bulk milk, in fact, has characteristics that can vary according to many facts such as the number of days the animals are milked, the number of lactation, the season, etc. In the future, therefore, it is advisable to carry out a greater number of samples of bulk milk over time in order to evaluate more carefully whether this can be influenced by management and milking hygiene and implement an analysis of the relationship between animal-based welfare findings and the hygienic quality of milk from individual samples.
Over the years sheep farming has evolved towards industrialization, which has been followed by greater market liberalization. These phenomena have led to consumer demand for increased milk production in terms of quantity. At the same time, there was also a need for a high-quality product, both in terms of chemical-physical characteristics and from a hygienic-sanitary point of view, determined based on the somatic cell count (CCS) and the total bacterial count (CBT) of the bulk milk. At the same time as the demand for increased production and higher milk quality, there has also been a growing awareness of the health and welfare of dairy sheep, which is another fundamental requirement for the consumer to respect on the farm. In this regard, in this study, the correlation between the hygienic quality of sheep mass milk, animal-based welfare surveys, and milking hygiene surveys was analyzed. The evaluation of animal-based welfare and milk in hygiene measurements was carried out in the field and was done utilizing a final version of the questionnaire formulated through a consensus of expert opinions in the field, derived from the Classyfarm checklist. The animal-based welfare measurements included in the questionnaire were: the presence/ absence of lameness, presence/ absence of lesions, presence/ absence fleeces oiling, and the evaluation of body condition score (BCS). Milk in hygiene measurements included in the questionnaire was: the presence/absence of a separate milking parlor from the resting area, mechanical milk in equipment, automatic take-off, application of dipping, dirtiness in the milking parlor. The microbiological analysis of the milk was carried out at the Infectious Diseases Laboratory of the Department of Veterinary Science of the University of Pisa, while the total bacterial count and the somatic cell count were performed at the Manciano Dairy Laboratory (ISO/IEC 17025). Microbiological analyses were carried out for the quantitative determination of Escherichia coli, Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus spp., and Pseudomonas spp. and for the evaluation of the total psychrophilic bacterial count (CBPT), which were performed following the protocols in use at the Laboratory of infectious diseases of the Department of Veterinary Sciences of the University of Pisa, specific for each microorganism. The present research was carried out on dairy sheep farms that supply milk to the dairy in Manciano (GR). A total of 192 farms were included in the study. In 15 of these farms, it was not possible to take milk samples, so they were excluded from the study. The total number of farms for which microbiological, management and animal welfare data were evaluated was 177. The total number of animals included was 56131 sheep and 1218 rams, of which the main breeds were: 90% Sarda sheep, 3% Laucane sheep, 3% Comisana sheep, 2% Appenninica sheep, 0.5% Assaf sheep, 0.5% Vissana sheep, 0.5% Langhe sheep, 0.5% Amiatina sheep. In the study it was observed that farms with a good animal-based welfare management tended to have a better hygienic quality and better milking hygiene than the others, however, not reaching a significance. This result agrees with the literature where better animal-based welfare management also corresponds to better production quality. In our study we did not find a relationship between milking management and hygiene and milk hygiene quality. This could be due to a single sample of bulk milk analyzed on each farm. Bulk milk, in fact, has characteristics that can vary according to many facts such as the number of days the animals are milked, the number of lactation, the season, etc. In the future, therefore, it is advisable to carry out a greater number of samples of bulk milk over time in order to evaluate more carefully whether this can be influenced by management and milking hygiene and implement an analysis of the relationship between animal-based welfare findings and the hygienic quality of milk from individual samples.
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