Tesi etd-07092022-121755 |
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Tipo di tesi
Tesi di dottorato di ricerca
Autore
FELICI, MARTINA
URN
etd-07092022-121755
Titolo
Analisi delle variabili neurofisiologiche e comportamentali nel cavallo in relazione alla gestione in scuderia
Settore scientifico disciplinare
VET/02
Corso di studi
SCIENZE VETERINARIE
Relatori
tutor Prof. Baragli, Paolo
Parole chiave
- behaviour
- behavioural test
- cavallo
- comportamento
- Heart Rate Variability
- horse
- management
- test comportamentali
Data inizio appello
18/07/2022
Consultabilità
Completa
Riassunto
Il management dei cavalli in scuderia può limitare alcune delle necessità etologiche e fisiologiche di questi animali. I cavalli scuderizzati, spesso, non possono interagire liberamente con i conspecifici, non possono scegliere come e quando alimentarsi, non hanno libertà di movimento in autonomia e non possono sottrarsi al lavoro equestre. Tutto ciò può condurre questi animali ad alterazioni nella sfera comportamentale e fisiologica, arrivando ad influenzare negativamente anche le loro capacità cognitive. Accanto allo studio del comportamento animale, come indice animal-based di benessere, negli ultimi decenni si è affiancato anche quello di svariati parametri fisiologici, come approccio integrato per la valutazione dello stato degli animali a 360 gradi. Tra i parametri fisiologici più innovativi è emersa la Variabilità Cardiaca, o Heart Rate Variability (HRV), un indice che stima il bilancio dell’attivazione Simpato-Vagale in un organismo a partire dalla variabilità presente tra picchi R consecutivi di un tracciato elettrocardiografico. Nel presente lavoro di tesi è stata proposta la valutazione dell’HRV e del comportamento durante lo svolgimento di test comportamentali (Test di Approccio alla Persona, Novel Object Test e Test del Rinforzo Positivo) in relazione alla gestione di 40 cavalli appartenenti a 4 diverse scuderie. Le quattro scuderie (Scuderia 1, 2, 3, 4) differivano tra loro per indirizzo sportivo, caratteristiche strutturali e gestionali. L’indagine si è composta di due studi. Nello Studio N°1 è stato investigato il parametro HRV su tutti i 40 cavalli. I risultati mostrano che, durante lo svolgimento di tutti i test comportamentali, i valori degli indici HRV rappresentativi di una maggiore attivazione Vagale e una maggiore complessità della funzionalità cardiovascolare (meanRR, SDNN, RMSSD, HF, ApEn, SampEn) sono maggiori nelle Scuderie 2, 3 e 4, gestite con finalità non agonistiche, che danno ai cavalli la possibilità di interagire con i conspecifici e di permanere al paddock. Al contrario i valori degli indici HRV rappresentativi di maggiore attivazione Simpatica (LF, LF/HF, RR, DET, LAM) sono maggiori per la Scuderia 1, gestita con finalità agonistiche, con animali che permanevano per molte ore in box. Nello Studio N°2, è stato ulteriormente indagato il parametro HRV e, a partire dai risultati ottenuti nel primo studio. Inoltre, è stata approfondita l’analisi del comportamento per le scuderie 1 e 2, che presentavano maggiori differenze tra di loro, sia nel parametro HRV che nelle caratteristiche gestionali. Per il parametro HRV, lo studio N°2 ricalca quanto riscontrato nel primo studio: la Scuderia 1 presenta indici di una maggiore attivazione Simpatica, non solo durante lo svolgimento dei test comportamentali, ma anche nelle rilevazioni basali. Per quanto riguarda il comportamento, durante lo svolgimento del Novel Object Test, i cavalli appartenenti alla Scuderia 1 manifestano maggiormente i comportamenti di Attenzione Selettiva, Esplorazione Selettiva e Stress rispetto ai soggetti della Scuderia 2. Nel Test del Rinforzo Positivo la Scuderia 2 è risultata migliore, dal punto di vista dell’apprendimento, rispetto alla 1. In conclusione, cavalli gestiti con modalità che si discostano dalle loro necessità etologiche e fisiologiche possono presentare maggiori difficolta nel far fronte a stimoli improvvisi e sconosciuti e nella sfera cognitiva. Inoltre, questi stessi animali, possono presentare una maggiore attivazione Simpatica del Sistema Nervoso Autonomo e una minore complessità della funzionalità cardiovascolare. Lo studio di comportamento e parametri fisiologici in maniera integrata è sempre auspicabile, tuttavia l’HRV può essere uno strumento efficace e minimamente invasivo per indagare le reazioni emotive che l’animale non manifesta con il comportamento.
Stabled horses management could limit some of the ethological and physiological needs of these animals. Stabled horses often might not interact freely with conspecifics, might not choose how and when to feed, do not have freedom of movement in autonomy and might not avoid equestrian work. All this, could lead horses to behavioural and physiological alterations, even negatively affects their cognitive abilities. Alongside the study of animal behaviour, as an animal-based index of welfare, the study of various physiological parameters has also been joined, as an integrated approach to assessing the state of animals. Among the most innovative physiological parameters emerges the Heart Rate Variability (HRV), an index that estimates the organism’s Sympathetic-Vagal balance from the variability present between R peaks of the electrocardiogram. In this thesis, the evaluation of HRV and behaviour during the performance of behavioural tests (Person Approach Test, Novel Object Test and Positive Reinforcement Test) was proposed to estimate the goodness of management in 40 horses belonging to 4 different stables. The four stables (Stables 1, 2, 3, 4) differed from each other in terms of sporting discipline, structural and managerial characteristics. The investigation consisted of two studies. In Study N°1, the HRV parameter was investigated on all 40 horses. The results show that, during the performance of all behavioural tests, the values of the HRV indices representative of greater Vagal activation and greater complexity of cardiovascular function (meanRR, SDNN, RMSSD, HF, ApEn, SampEn) are higher in Stables 2, 3 and 4, managed for non-competitive purposes, which give horses the possibility of interacting with conspecifics and staying at paddock. On the contrary, the values of the HRV indices representative of greater Sympathetic activation (LF, LF/HF, RR, DET, LAM) are higher for Stable 1, managed for competitive purposes, with animals that remained in the box for many hours. Starting from the results obtained in the first study, in Study N°2 the physiological and behavioural analysis were deepened for Stables 1 and 2, which presented greater differences between them, both in the HRV parameter and in the management methods. With regard to the HRV parameter, Study N°2 follows what was found in the first study: Stable N°1 presents indices of greater Sympathetic activation, not only during the performance of the behavioural tests, but also in the basal measurements. As concerning behaviour, during the Novel Object Test, the horses belonging to Stable 1 display more Selective Attention, Selective Exploration and Stress behaviours than the subjects of Stable 2. In the Positive Reinforcement Test, Stable 2 was better in terms of learning than Stable 1. In conclusion, horses managed in ways that deviate from their ethological and physiological needs may present greater difficulties in coping with sudden and unfamiliar stimuli and in cognition. Furthermore, these same animals present greater Sympathetic activation of the Autonomic Nervous System and less complex cardiovascular function. The study of behaviour and physiological parameters in an integrated manner is always desirable; however, HRV can be an effective and minimally invasive tool to investigate emotional reactions that the animal does not manifest through behaviour.
Stabled horses management could limit some of the ethological and physiological needs of these animals. Stabled horses often might not interact freely with conspecifics, might not choose how and when to feed, do not have freedom of movement in autonomy and might not avoid equestrian work. All this, could lead horses to behavioural and physiological alterations, even negatively affects their cognitive abilities. Alongside the study of animal behaviour, as an animal-based index of welfare, the study of various physiological parameters has also been joined, as an integrated approach to assessing the state of animals. Among the most innovative physiological parameters emerges the Heart Rate Variability (HRV), an index that estimates the organism’s Sympathetic-Vagal balance from the variability present between R peaks of the electrocardiogram. In this thesis, the evaluation of HRV and behaviour during the performance of behavioural tests (Person Approach Test, Novel Object Test and Positive Reinforcement Test) was proposed to estimate the goodness of management in 40 horses belonging to 4 different stables. The four stables (Stables 1, 2, 3, 4) differed from each other in terms of sporting discipline, structural and managerial characteristics. The investigation consisted of two studies. In Study N°1, the HRV parameter was investigated on all 40 horses. The results show that, during the performance of all behavioural tests, the values of the HRV indices representative of greater Vagal activation and greater complexity of cardiovascular function (meanRR, SDNN, RMSSD, HF, ApEn, SampEn) are higher in Stables 2, 3 and 4, managed for non-competitive purposes, which give horses the possibility of interacting with conspecifics and staying at paddock. On the contrary, the values of the HRV indices representative of greater Sympathetic activation (LF, LF/HF, RR, DET, LAM) are higher for Stable 1, managed for competitive purposes, with animals that remained in the box for many hours. Starting from the results obtained in the first study, in Study N°2 the physiological and behavioural analysis were deepened for Stables 1 and 2, which presented greater differences between them, both in the HRV parameter and in the management methods. With regard to the HRV parameter, Study N°2 follows what was found in the first study: Stable N°1 presents indices of greater Sympathetic activation, not only during the performance of the behavioural tests, but also in the basal measurements. As concerning behaviour, during the Novel Object Test, the horses belonging to Stable 1 display more Selective Attention, Selective Exploration and Stress behaviours than the subjects of Stable 2. In the Positive Reinforcement Test, Stable 2 was better in terms of learning than Stable 1. In conclusion, horses managed in ways that deviate from their ethological and physiological needs may present greater difficulties in coping with sudden and unfamiliar stimuli and in cognition. Furthermore, these same animals present greater Sympathetic activation of the Autonomic Nervous System and less complex cardiovascular function. The study of behaviour and physiological parameters in an integrated manner is always desirable; however, HRV can be an effective and minimally invasive tool to investigate emotional reactions that the animal does not manifest through behaviour.
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Riassunt...elici.pdf | 294.88 Kb |
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