Tesi etd-06262023-162737 |
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Tipo di tesi
Tesi di laurea specialistica LC6
Autore
VIRGONE, VITTORIO MARIA
URN
etd-06262023-162737
Titolo
Carcinoma a Cellule di Merkel:
Aspetti clinico-patologici e nuove opzioni nel trattamento di un raro tumore della cute
Dipartimento
RICERCA TRASLAZIONALE E DELLE NUOVE TECNOLOGIE IN MEDICINA E CHIRURGIA
Corso di studi
MEDICINA E CHIRURGIA
Relatori
relatore Prof. Basolo, Fulvio
correlatore Dott. Torregrossa, Liborio
correlatore Dott. Torregrossa, Liborio
Parole chiave
- Carcinoma a cellule di Merkel
- diagnosis
- epidemiology
- histopathology.
- MCC
- neuroendocine
- SLNB
- therapy
Data inizio appello
11/07/2023
Consultabilità
Completa
Riassunto
Il carcinoma a cellule di Merkel (MCC) è un raro e aggressivo tumore primitivo della cute, con differenziazione epiteliale e neuroendocrina. Per quanto le cellule neoplastiche dell’MCC condividano molte caratteristiche morfologiche, immunoistochimiche e ultrastrutturali con le cellule di Merkel “normali” della cute, l’origine cellulare di questa neoplasia è ancora oggi oggetto di discussione. Clinicamente, si presenta come papula o nodulo violaceo, in rapida espansione, nella maggior parte dei casi in sedi corporee esposte al sole. I principali fattori di rischio includono: l’età avanzata, l'esposizione ai raggi ultravioletti, il sesso, l'immunosoppressione, neoplasie concomitanti e il trapianto di organi solidi. Negli ultimi due decenni, l‘MCC ha manifestato un importante incremento di incidenza, presumibilmente correlato alla maggiore conoscenza di questo tumore, spesso misdiagnosticato. L’MCC riconosce due meccanismi patogenetici distinti: il primo associato al poliomavirus a cellule di Merkel (MCPyV +), il secondo al danno genetico indotto dalle radiazioni UV (MCPyV --). Questa distinzione ha notevoli implicazioni epidemiologiche: l’MCC associato al virus (MCPyV +) è molto più frequente, con circa 80% dei casi. La diagnosi definitiva del MCC richiede l’esame istologico: è necessario dimostrare, accanto all’aspetto neuroendocrino a piccole cellule della neoplasia, l’espressione immunoistochimica di specifici marcatori (positività per CK20 e cromogranina, negatività per TTF-1). Spesso i pazienti si presentano alla diagnosi primaria con metastasi loco-regionali, presenti in circa il 30% dei pazienti. La terapia di prima linea dell’MCC consiste nell’asportazione chirurgica della lesione primitiva, con valutazione completa dei margini di escissione, seguita dalla biopsia del linfonodo sentinella (SLNB), che può dare fondamentali indicazioni per il successivo iter stadiativo e terapeutico, compreso il ricorso alla radioterapia adiuvante. Di recente, diversi studi hanno dimostrato che il MCC è sensibile agli inibitori del checkpoint immunitario (ICI), aprendo nuove possibilità terapeutiche. L'uso dell'immunoterapia, come l'anti-PD-1/PD-L1, ha rivoluzionato il trattamento e la gestione dell’MCC avanzato, fornendo risposte obiettive significative quando utilizzato come trattamento di prima linea. I risultati ottenuti da molteplici trials clinici hanno permesso agli ICI di rimpiazzare i classici chemioterapici somministrati ai pazienti con malattia avanzata, migliorandone la prognosi e la qualità di vita. Poiché il tasso di recidiva di questa neoplasia rimane ancora molto alto, con percentuali superiori al 40% a tre anni dall’escissione, nuove opportunità possono derivare dai possibili sviluppi su vaccini contro MCV in concomitanza con immunoterapie. Data la sua rarità, la gestione del MCC richiede, ancor di più rispetto ad altre patologie, un approccio multidisciplinare con il coinvolgimento di numerosi specialisti (Dermatologo, Chirurgo, Anatomopatologo, Oncologo e Radioterapista) in stretta collaborazione. Numerosi sono gli sforzi multi-istituzionali atti a creare database sempre più completi con l’obiettivo primario di migliorare e standardizzare i protocolli di diagnosi e terapia.
English Version
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and aggressive tumour of the skin with epithelial and neuroendocrine differentiation. Although its neoplastic cells share many morphological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features with “normal” Merkel cells of the skin, its cell origine is still under debate. It presents clinically as a rapidly expanding purplish papule or nodule, presenting on sun-damaged skin. It mainly affects the population with some risk factors that include: advanced age, exposure to ultraviolet radiation, gender, immunosuppression, concomitant neoplasms and solid organ transplantation. MCC can be caused by two distinct pathogenic subsets: Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV +) and UV radiation-induced genetic damage (MCPyV -). This distinction has prognostic implications, with the first subset (MCPyV +) being much more frequent with around 80% of cases. In the last two decades, an increase in the incidence of MCC has been noted, presumably related to increased awareness and knowledge of this tumour, that is often misdiagnosed and neglected. The definitive diagnosis of MCC requires histological examination: it is necessary to demonstrate, in conjunction to the small cell neuroendocrine appearance of the neoplasm, the immunohistochemical expression of specific markers (CK20 and chromogranin positivity, TTF-1 negativity). Patients often present at the primary diagnosis with loco-regional metastases, present in approximately 30% of patients. The first-line therapy of MCC consists in the surgical removal of the primary lesion, with complete evaluation of the excision margins, followed by sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), which can provide fundamental indications for the subsequent therapeutic procedure, including the use of adjuvant radiotherapy. Recently, several studies have demonstrated that MCC is sensitive to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), opening to new therapeutic possibilities. The use of immunotherapy, such as anti-PD-1/PD-L1, has revolutionized the treatment and management of advanced MCC, providing meaningful objective responses when used as first-line treatment. The results obtained from multiple clinical trials have allowed ICI to replace the classic chemotherapy administered to patients with advanced disease, improving their prognosis and quality of life. Since the recurrence rate of this neoplasm still remains very high, with rates exceeding 40% three years after excision, new opportunities may arise from the possible developments of vaccines against MCV in conjunction with immunotherapies. Given its rarity, the management of MCC requires, even more than other pathologies, a multidisciplinary approach with the involvement of different specialists (Dermatologist, Surgeon, Anatomopathologist, Oncologist and Radiotherapist) in close collaboration. There are numerous multi-institutional attemps to create more complete databases with the primary aim of improving and standardizing diagnosis and therapy protocols.
English Version
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and aggressive tumour of the skin with epithelial and neuroendocrine differentiation. Although its neoplastic cells share many morphological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features with “normal” Merkel cells of the skin, its cell origine is still under debate. It presents clinically as a rapidly expanding purplish papule or nodule, presenting on sun-damaged skin. It mainly affects the population with some risk factors that include: advanced age, exposure to ultraviolet radiation, gender, immunosuppression, concomitant neoplasms and solid organ transplantation. MCC can be caused by two distinct pathogenic subsets: Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV +) and UV radiation-induced genetic damage (MCPyV -). This distinction has prognostic implications, with the first subset (MCPyV +) being much more frequent with around 80% of cases. In the last two decades, an increase in the incidence of MCC has been noted, presumably related to increased awareness and knowledge of this tumour, that is often misdiagnosed and neglected. The definitive diagnosis of MCC requires histological examination: it is necessary to demonstrate, in conjunction to the small cell neuroendocrine appearance of the neoplasm, the immunohistochemical expression of specific markers (CK20 and chromogranin positivity, TTF-1 negativity). Patients often present at the primary diagnosis with loco-regional metastases, present in approximately 30% of patients. The first-line therapy of MCC consists in the surgical removal of the primary lesion, with complete evaluation of the excision margins, followed by sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), which can provide fundamental indications for the subsequent therapeutic procedure, including the use of adjuvant radiotherapy. Recently, several studies have demonstrated that MCC is sensitive to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), opening to new therapeutic possibilities. The use of immunotherapy, such as anti-PD-1/PD-L1, has revolutionized the treatment and management of advanced MCC, providing meaningful objective responses when used as first-line treatment. The results obtained from multiple clinical trials have allowed ICI to replace the classic chemotherapy administered to patients with advanced disease, improving their prognosis and quality of life. Since the recurrence rate of this neoplasm still remains very high, with rates exceeding 40% three years after excision, new opportunities may arise from the possible developments of vaccines against MCV in conjunction with immunotherapies. Given its rarity, the management of MCC requires, even more than other pathologies, a multidisciplinary approach with the involvement of different specialists (Dermatologist, Surgeon, Anatomopathologist, Oncologist and Radiotherapist) in close collaboration. There are numerous multi-institutional attemps to create more complete databases with the primary aim of improving and standardizing diagnosis and therapy protocols.
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