Tesi etd-03122021-112146 |
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Tipo di tesi
Tesi di laurea magistrale
Autore
FAVARO, ELENA
URN
etd-03122021-112146
Titolo
Edible insects: food safety aspects related to mycotoxins
Dipartimento
SCIENZE AGRARIE, ALIMENTARI E AGRO-AMBIENTALI
Corso di studi
BIOSICUREZZA E QUALITA DEGLI ALIMENTI
Relatori
relatore Prof.ssa Meucci, Valentina
Parole chiave
- Edible Insects
- Food Safety
- Mycotoxins
Data inizio appello
12/04/2021
Consultabilità
Completa
Riassunto
Questa tesi ha come oggetto aspetti di sicurezza alimentare riguardanti micotossine in insetti edibili. La mancanza di fonti proteiche di origine animale per l’aumento della popolazione futura, fa si che vengano prese in considerazione anche fonti alternative: gli insetti. Questi animali vengono già consumati in molteplici parti del mondo da moltissimo tempo e sono considerati eccellenti alimenti. Anche dal punto di vista nutrizionale sono ottimi: buone fonti di proteine, acidi grassi, sali minerali e vitamine. Gli insetti edibili sono regolamentati dall’Unione Europea per quanto riguarda il loro consumo e la loro somministrazione ad altri animali; rientrano inoltre, nel Regolamento sui Novel Food. Nel mese di gennaio del 2021, l’EFSA ha approvato la consumazione di un tipo di larva (Tenebrio molitor) per il consumo umano. Anche le micotossine sono Regolamentate dall’Unione Europea e ne è descritto il limite massimo che deve essere presente negli alimenti e derivati. In questo elaborato sono state descritte anche le micotossine di principale interesse umano ed animale (Aflatossine, Ocratossina A, Nivalenolo e Deossinivalenolo, Zearalenone). Sono inoltre stati discussi gli articoli relativi all’accumulo di micotossine in insetti edibili (T. molitor, A. diaperinus, Z. atratus ed H. illucens) ed il loro effetto su di essi (crescita e tasso di sopravvivenza). In questi studi, le larve sono state alimentate con micotossine oppure mix di esse. Dopo un determinato periodo di tempo sono stati analizzati i residui di micotossine e loro metaboliti all’interno delle larve stesse, nei loro escreti, oppure nelle larve dopo essere state sottoposte a periodi di digiuno o alimentate con mangime non contaminato. I risultati dei vari studi sono stati poi discussi e confrontati tra loro. Per quanto riguarda le Aflatossine, il loro accumulo è stato rilevato solo in alcuni campioni, soprattutto nei casi in cui erano presenti alte concentrazioni nel mangime somministrato; i dati riguardanti il Deossinivalenolo e Nivalenolo indicano invece un accumulo di queste micotossine all’interno delle larve e nei loro escreti. Facendo riferimento invece allo Zearalenone, Ocratossina A e Tossina T-2, sono state rilevate nelle larve di ogni specie, ma sottoponendo le larve al digiuno, le loro concentrazioni diminuiscono drasticamente. Per quanto riguarda i metaboliti, sono stati rilevati solamente in alcune specie (mai dopo il digiuno) e non sono stati ritrovati metaboliti di fase II. Solamente in uno studio sono stati investigati gli enzimi antiossidanti (superossido dismutasi, catalasi e glutatione-S- trasferasi), ma solamente per una specie e per una sola micotossina. Sicuramente sono presenti pochi studi riguardo a questo argomento e non sono state prese in considerazione altre micotossine (beauvericina ed enniatine), la parte di micotossine (o metaboliti) non rilevate non sappiamo in che forma e se vengono ritenute nelle larve. Altri aspetti da prendere in considerazione sono il benessere dell’animale stesso, l’effetto su animali o uomo e la sicurezza su alimenti derivati.
This thesis deals with food safety issues related to mycotoxins in edible insects. The lack of protein sources of animal origin for the increase population in the future means that alternative sources of food must be considered: insects. These animals have been consumed in many countries of the world for a very long time and are considered excellent food. Even from the nutritional point of view they are excellent: good sources of protein, fatty acids, minerals and vitamins. Edible insects are regulated by the European Union about their consumption and their administration to other animals; they are also covered by the Novel Food Regulation. In January 2021, EFSA approved the consumption of one type of larva (Tenebrio Molitor) for human consumption.
Mycotoxins are also regulated by the European Union and it is also described the maximum concentration that must be present in foods and derivatives. In this thesis have been described also the most important mycotoxins for humans and animals (Aflatoxins, Ochratoxin A, Nivalenol and Deoxynilenol, Zearalenone). Articles related to the accumulation of mycotoxins in edible insects (T. Molitor, A. diaperinus, Z. atratus and H. illucens) and their effect on them (growth and survival rate) were also discussed. In these studies, the larvae were fed with mycotoxins or mixes of them. After a certain period of time, mycotoxins residues and their metabolites were analysed in the larvae themselves, in their excreta, or in the larvae after submitting fasting or fed on uncontaminated feed. The results of the various studies were then discussed and compared with each other. Regarding aflatoxins, their accumulation was only detected in certain samples, especially in cases where high concentrations were present in the feed administered; Deoxynivalenol and Nivalenol data indicate an accumulation of these mycotoxins in larvae and their excreta. Referring instead to the Zearalenone, Ochratoxin A and T-2 toxin, they have been found in the larvae of each species, but submitting larvae to fasting, their concentrations decreased drastically. Speaking about metabolites, only in certain species were detected and no phase II metabolites were found. Only one study investigated antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione-S-transfase), but only for one species and only for one mycotoxin. There are few studies regarding this topic and no other mycotoxins (beauvericin and enniatine) have been taken into account. Moreover, the missing amount of mycotoxins (or metabolites) is unclear where could it be and it is not known in what form and if it is retained in the larvae. Other aspects to be taken into account are the welfare of the animal itself, the effect on animals or humans and the safety of foods.
This thesis deals with food safety issues related to mycotoxins in edible insects. The lack of protein sources of animal origin for the increase population in the future means that alternative sources of food must be considered: insects. These animals have been consumed in many countries of the world for a very long time and are considered excellent food. Even from the nutritional point of view they are excellent: good sources of protein, fatty acids, minerals and vitamins. Edible insects are regulated by the European Union about their consumption and their administration to other animals; they are also covered by the Novel Food Regulation. In January 2021, EFSA approved the consumption of one type of larva (Tenebrio Molitor) for human consumption.
Mycotoxins are also regulated by the European Union and it is also described the maximum concentration that must be present in foods and derivatives. In this thesis have been described also the most important mycotoxins for humans and animals (Aflatoxins, Ochratoxin A, Nivalenol and Deoxynilenol, Zearalenone). Articles related to the accumulation of mycotoxins in edible insects (T. Molitor, A. diaperinus, Z. atratus and H. illucens) and their effect on them (growth and survival rate) were also discussed. In these studies, the larvae were fed with mycotoxins or mixes of them. After a certain period of time, mycotoxins residues and their metabolites were analysed in the larvae themselves, in their excreta, or in the larvae after submitting fasting or fed on uncontaminated feed. The results of the various studies were then discussed and compared with each other. Regarding aflatoxins, their accumulation was only detected in certain samples, especially in cases where high concentrations were present in the feed administered; Deoxynivalenol and Nivalenol data indicate an accumulation of these mycotoxins in larvae and their excreta. Referring instead to the Zearalenone, Ochratoxin A and T-2 toxin, they have been found in the larvae of each species, but submitting larvae to fasting, their concentrations decreased drastically. Speaking about metabolites, only in certain species were detected and no phase II metabolites were found. Only one study investigated antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione-S-transfase), but only for one species and only for one mycotoxin. There are few studies regarding this topic and no other mycotoxins (beauvericin and enniatine) have been taken into account. Moreover, the missing amount of mycotoxins (or metabolites) is unclear where could it be and it is not known in what form and if it is retained in the larvae. Other aspects to be taken into account are the welfare of the animal itself, the effect on animals or humans and the safety of foods.
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