Tesi etd-01062022-215939 |
Link copiato negli appunti
Tipo di tesi
Tesi di laurea magistrale
Autore
DE DOMINICIS, GIULIA
URN
etd-01062022-215939
Titolo
I poemi di disputa e la loro tradizione nella letteratura antico egiziana e sumero-accadica
Dipartimento
CIVILTA' E FORME DEL SAPERE
Corso di studi
ORIENTALISTICA: EGITTO, VICINO E MEDIO ORIENTE
Relatori
relatore Miniaci, Gianluca
Parole chiave
- Ancient Egypt
- antico Egitto
- debate
- dibattito
- disputa
- genere
- genre
- letteratura
- literature
- Mesopotamia
- Mesopotamia
- processo
- quarrel
- Sumerian-Akkadian
- sumero-accadiche
- trial
Data inizio appello
31/01/2022
Consultabilità
Non consultabile
Data di rilascio
31/01/2092
Riassunto
Nell'antica Mesopotamia un gruppo di poemi era dedicato alla registrazione di una serie di argomenti presentati da due oratori che cercavano di stabilire la loro preminenza l'uno sull'altro. Tavolette recanti questi testi in sumerico, che presero il nome di “poemi di disputa” o “poemi di dibattito”, giunsero a noi dalle scuole antico-babilonesi anche se è probabile che il genere avesse conosciuto la sua fioritura in una fase storica precedente, ovvero all’epoca della III dinastia di Ur (XXI secolo a.C.). Da quelle stesse scuole trassero poi origine anche i poemi di disputa in accadico, come la più nota contesa tra Tamarisco e Palma. La struttura di questi testi è sostanzialmente fissa e si articolava in un prologo, nel dibattito vero e proprio e nel verdetto finale. La vicenda narrata prevedeva che due elementi antitetici di vario tipo (tratti dal mondo animale, naturale, umano o delle tecniche) si fronteggiassero in uno scontro dialettico fino alla vittoria di uno di questi, assegnata in un verdetto finale emesso dagli dei o dal re. Nella lingua sumera per una tale tipologia di composizioni era impiegato un termine specifico, vale a dire a-da-mìn dug4-ga che può essere tradotto come “contesa tra due”. In accadico invece veniva utilizzata la parola tēṣītu che indicava l’atto di uscire fuori per affrontare un avversario. I protagonisti di queste controversie non sono mai eterogenei, ma sempre complementari e appartenenti alla stessa sfera basilare di riferimento (ad esempio Estate e Inverno per il ciclo delle stagioni, oppure Zappa e Aratro nella produzione agricola). Si integrano dunque a vicenda e sono ritenuti produrre differenti, ma ugualmente fondamentali benefici per tutti gli esseri umani. Mentre nella letteratura sumero-accadica questa tipologia di testi è più numerosa (16 testi), l'Egitto ci ha lasciato invece poche testimonianze. Ad oggi gli esperti hanno riconosciuto come dispute solamente sei opere della letteratura faraonica: La disputa tra Horo e Seth; La disputa tra Verità e Menzogna; La disputa tra Testa e Corpo; Il processo tra Vino e Birra; La disputa dell'uomo con la sua anima; la disputa degli alberi del giardino. In tutte queste opere è possibile rilevare affinità e differenze con le controparti sumero-accadiche. L'influenza culturale di queste ultime sulle opere egiziane è indubbia, anche se non quantificabile, e può essere spiegata nell'ambito del periodo amarniano durante il quale il contatto tra il Vicino-Oriente e l'Egitto fu veramente notevole. Le composizioni sumero-accadiche perciò ispirarono simili composizioni agli scribi egiziani che utilizzarono quella struttura di base ma vi inserirono motivi ed elementi locali. I poemi egiziani differiscono principalmente da quelli mesopotamici in generale per la presenza al loro interno di uno dei pilastri ideologici sul quale poggiava la cultura egiziana ovvero il principio di maat che era la giustizia, la verità, l'ordine e l'equilibrio cosmico verso il quale tutti gli uomini dovevano tendere. Le dispute egiziane mettevano dunque in scena, ciascuna secondo le sue modalità, il confronto tra maat e isefet prevedendo in questo modo che solo e soltanto una delle due parti in lotta fosse degna di vincere. Tuttavia la maggior parte degli egittologi per lungo tempo non riconobbe queste composizioni come appartenenti a un genere letterario propriamente detto, ovvero quello appunto del dibattito e le sei composizioni furono inserite all'interno di diversi generi letterari. Da un attento esame degli incipit delle opere egiziane e dalla stretta comparazione condotta in questo lavoro tra opere nilotiche e sumero-accadiche ha permesso di recente di dedurre l'esistenza di un genuino genere letterario del dibattito anche nella letteratura faraonica.
In ancient Mesopotamia a group of poems was devoted to recording a series of arguments presented by two speakers trying to establish their prominence over each other. Tablets bearing these texts in Sumerian, which took the name of "dispute poems" or "debate poems", came to us from the ancient Babylonian schools even though it is probable that the genre had known its flowering in an earlier historical phase, or at the time of the III dynasty of Ur (21st century BC). The Akkadian dispute poems also originated from those same schools, such as the best known dispute between Tamarisk and Palm. The structure of these texts is essentially fixed and consisted of a prologue, the debate and the final verdict. The story narrated provided that two antithetical elements of various types (taken from the animal, natural, human or technical world) faced each other in a dialectical clash until the victory of one of these, assigned in a final verdict issued by the gods or by the king. In the Sumerian language a specific term was used for this typology of compositions, namely a-da-mìn dug4-ga which can be translated as "contention between two". In Akkadian, however, the word tēṣītu was used which indicated the act of going out to face an opponent. The protagonists of these disputes are never heterogeneous, but always complementary and belonging to the same basic sphere of reference (for example Summer and Winter for the cycle of the seasons, or Hoe and Plough in agricultural production). They therefore complement each other and are believed to produce different but equally fundamental benefits for all human beings. While in Sumero-Akkadian literature this typology of texts is more numerous (16 texts), Egypt has left us few testimonies instead. To date, experts have recognized only six works of Pharaonic literature as disputes: The dispute between Horus and Seth; The dispute between Truth and Falsehood; The dispute between Head and Body; The process between Wine and Beer; The debate between a Man and his soul; the dispute of the trees in the garden. In all these works it is possible to detect affinities and differences with the Sumerian-Akkadian counterparts. The cultural influence of the latter on Egyptian works is undoubted, even if not quantifiable, and can be explained within the Amarnian period during which the contact between the Near East and Egypt was truly remarkable. Sumero-Akkadian compositions therefore inspired similar compositions to the Egyptian scribes who used that basic structure but incorporated local motifs and elements into it. The Egyptian poems differ mainly from the Mesopotamian ones in general for the presence within them of one of the ideological pillars on which the Egyptian culture rested, that is the principle of maat which was justice, truth, order and cosmic balance towards the which all men had to strive for. The Egyptian disputes therefore staged, each according to its own modalities, the confrontation between maat and isefet, thus predicting that only one of the two warring parties was worthy of winning. However, most Egyptologists for a long time did not recognize these compositions as belonging to a literary genre proper, namely that of the debate and the six compositions were inserted within different literary genres. . From a careful examination of the incipits of the Egyptian works and from the close comparison carried out in this work between Nilotic and Sumero-Akkadian works, it has recently made it possible to deduce the existence of a genuine literary genre of the debate also in Pharaonic literature.
In ancient Mesopotamia a group of poems was devoted to recording a series of arguments presented by two speakers trying to establish their prominence over each other. Tablets bearing these texts in Sumerian, which took the name of "dispute poems" or "debate poems", came to us from the ancient Babylonian schools even though it is probable that the genre had known its flowering in an earlier historical phase, or at the time of the III dynasty of Ur (21st century BC). The Akkadian dispute poems also originated from those same schools, such as the best known dispute between Tamarisk and Palm. The structure of these texts is essentially fixed and consisted of a prologue, the debate and the final verdict. The story narrated provided that two antithetical elements of various types (taken from the animal, natural, human or technical world) faced each other in a dialectical clash until the victory of one of these, assigned in a final verdict issued by the gods or by the king. In the Sumerian language a specific term was used for this typology of compositions, namely a-da-mìn dug4-ga which can be translated as "contention between two". In Akkadian, however, the word tēṣītu was used which indicated the act of going out to face an opponent. The protagonists of these disputes are never heterogeneous, but always complementary and belonging to the same basic sphere of reference (for example Summer and Winter for the cycle of the seasons, or Hoe and Plough in agricultural production). They therefore complement each other and are believed to produce different but equally fundamental benefits for all human beings. While in Sumero-Akkadian literature this typology of texts is more numerous (16 texts), Egypt has left us few testimonies instead. To date, experts have recognized only six works of Pharaonic literature as disputes: The dispute between Horus and Seth; The dispute between Truth and Falsehood; The dispute between Head and Body; The process between Wine and Beer; The debate between a Man and his soul; the dispute of the trees in the garden. In all these works it is possible to detect affinities and differences with the Sumerian-Akkadian counterparts. The cultural influence of the latter on Egyptian works is undoubted, even if not quantifiable, and can be explained within the Amarnian period during which the contact between the Near East and Egypt was truly remarkable. Sumero-Akkadian compositions therefore inspired similar compositions to the Egyptian scribes who used that basic structure but incorporated local motifs and elements into it. The Egyptian poems differ mainly from the Mesopotamian ones in general for the presence within them of one of the ideological pillars on which the Egyptian culture rested, that is the principle of maat which was justice, truth, order and cosmic balance towards the which all men had to strive for. The Egyptian disputes therefore staged, each according to its own modalities, the confrontation between maat and isefet, thus predicting that only one of the two warring parties was worthy of winning. However, most Egyptologists for a long time did not recognize these compositions as belonging to a literary genre proper, namely that of the debate and the six compositions were inserted within different literary genres. . From a careful examination of the incipits of the Egyptian works and from the close comparison carried out in this work between Nilotic and Sumero-Akkadian works, it has recently made it possible to deduce the existence of a genuine literary genre of the debate also in Pharaonic literature.
File
Nome file | Dimensione |
---|---|
Tesi non consultabile. |